이란의 핵 문제

3. 이란의 핵 시설 및 관련 협정

포괄적 공동행동계획(JCPOA)은 2015년 7월 14일 오스트리아 빈에서 이란과 P5+1(미국, 영국, 프랑스, 중국, 러시아 + 독일) 간에 체결되었다.^[372][373] 이는 핵확산 금지 조약(NPT)과 IAEA 안전 조치 시스템에 기반한다.^[374] 이 협정은 15개월 이상 지속된 실무 핵협상을 통해 이루어졌으며, UN 이사국들과 유럽연합의 지지를 받았다.^[544]

이란은 2011년 1월 21일 이스탄불에서 P5+1과의 협상을 재개했다.^[313] 이란은 우라늄 농축 권리 인정과 유엔 경제 제재 해제를 전제 조건으로 내걸었지만, 4월의 협상은 긍정적으로 진행되었다.^[313] 베냐민 네타냐후 이스라엘 총리는 이란이 "공짜 특혜"를 받았다고 비판했으나, 버락 오바마 미국 대통령은 이를 반박했다.^[314][315] 미국은 이란이 국제 감시에 동의하는 한 5%까지의 우라늄 농축을 허용할 수 있음을 시사했다.^[316]

2013년 11월 24일, 이란과 P5+1은 잠정 합의에 도달하여 제재 완화와 교환하여 이란 핵 프로그램의 핵심 부분을 동결하기로 합의했다.^{[364][365][366]} 이란은 5% 이상 우라늄 농축을 중단하고 아라크 원자로 개발을 중단하며, 유엔은 사찰 접근 권한을 더 많이 부여받게 되었다.^[364] 2014년 1월 20일에 합의 이행이 시작되었다.^[368]

2014년 2월부터 7월까지, P5+1과 이란은 빈에서 포괄적인 합의를 위한 협상을 가졌으나, 합의에 도달하지 못하고 11월 24일까지 협상을 연장했다.^[370] 2015년 4월, 이란 핵 협상의 틀이 마련되었고, 2015년 7월 14일에 JCPOA가 최종 체결되었다.^[372][373]

2016년 1월, 이란은 핵 프로그램의 주요 부분을 해체하여 제재 해제에 길을 열었다.^{[375][376][377]} 국제 원자력 기구(IAEA)는 이란이 핵 농축에 필요한 원심 분리기 등을 대폭 감축했음을 확인했다.^[545]

2018년, 도널드 트럼프 미국 대통령은 JCPOA에서 미국을 철수하고 이란에 대한 제재를 재개했다.^{[383][384][547]} 이란은 이에 반발하여 합의 이행 중단을 선언했다.^[548]

3. 1. 이란 핵협정 (JCPOA)

4. 국제사회의 반응과 입장

2006년 2월 4일, 국제원자력기구(IAEA) 이사회는 이란 핵 문제를 유엔 안전보장이사회에 회부하기로 결정했다. 투표 결과 35개국 중 찬성 27표, 반대 3표, 기권 5표였다. 영국, 프랑스, 독일이 제안하고 미국이 지지했으며, 안보리 상임 이사국인 러시아와 중국은 안보리가 3월 이전에 행동하지 않는다는 조건으로 찬성했다. 베네수엘라, 시리아, 쿠바는 이란과 마찬가지로 반미 성향을 가지고 있어 반대표를 던졌다.^[525][526] 이란은 이에 대한 보복으로 2006년 2월 6일, 추가 의정서의 자발적 실시를 중단하고 IAEA에 대한 협력도 중단했다.^[527]

2006년 2월, IAEA의 모하메드 엘바라데이 사무총장은 이란에 산업 규모의 농축 중단을 제안했다. 이란 정부는 농축 권리를 포기하지 않으면서도 타협을 검토하겠다고 밝혔다. 그러나 2006년 3월, 조지 W. 부시 행정부는 이란의 어떠한 농축도 인정하지 않겠다고 밝혔다.

2006년 4월 11일, 이란의 아흐마디네자드 대통령은 우라늄 농축에 성공했다고 발표했다. 그는 "이란이 원자력 기술을 보유한 국가들의 반열에 들어섰다"고 말했다.^[528] 2006년 4월 13일, 콘돌리자 라이스 당시 미 국무장관이 "강력한 조치"를 검토해야 한다고 말한 다음 날, 아흐마디네자드 대통령은 이란의 우라늄 농축 권리에 대해 논의하지 않겠다고 말했다.^[528]

2006년 4월 14일, 미국의 과학국제안보연구소(ISIS)는 나탄즈와 에스파한의 이란 핵 시설 위성 분석 영상을 공개했다.^[529]

유엔 안전 보장 이사회는 2006년 7월 31일 결의 1696호를 통해 이란에 농축 및 재처리 관련 활동 중단을 요구했다.^[530] 2006년 12월 26일 결의 1737호를 통해 대이란 제재를 발표했다.^[531] 제재는 핵·탄도 미사일 기술 이전을 주요 대상으로 했으며,^[532] 중국, 러시아의 우려로 미국이 요구한 것보다 가벼운 수준이었다.^[533]

국제 연합 안전 보장 이사회는 현재까지 7개의 대이란 결의를 채택했다.

• 결의 1696호 (2006년 7월 31일): 이란에 우라늄 농축 활동 중단 요구.
• 결의 1737호 (2006년 12월 23일): 이란의 핵·미사일 계획 관련 개인 및 조직의 자산 동결.
• 결의 1747호 (2007년 3월 24일): 제재 대상 이란 조직 확대.
• 결의 1803호 (2008년 3월 3일): 개인, 조직 제재 대상 확대 및 여행 제한, 핵·미사일 관련 기술 수출 금지.
• 결의 1835호 (2008년 9월 27일): 이전 4개 결의 재확인.
• 결의 1929호 (2010년 6월 9일): 대이란 무기 금수 조치, 탄도 미사일 관련 활동 전면 금지, 이란 혁명 수비대와 이란 국영 선사(IRISL) 자산 동결 확대. 터키, 브라질 반대, 레바논 기권.
• 결의 1984호 (2011년 6월 8일): 결의 1929호에서 설치한 전문가 패널 임무 12개월 연장.

4. 1. 미국

4. 2. 유럽 연합 (EU)

4. 3. 러시아와 중국

4. 4. 이스라엘

4. 5. 일본

5. 한국의 입장과 과제

대한민국은 이란 핵협정을 지지하며, 한반도 비핵화와 동북아시아 안보에 긍정적 영향을 미칠 것으로 기대한다. 이란 핵 문제는 북한 핵 문제와 연계되어 있어, 한국은 북핵 문제 해결을 위한 국제 공조 강화에 주력해야 한다.

더불어민주당은 이란과의 관계 개선과 경제 협력 확대를 지지하며, 핵협정 복원을 위한 외교적 노력을 강조한다. 미국의 대이란 제재는 한국의 대이란 경제 협력에 부정적 영향을 미치므로, 한국은 미국의 제재 완화를 위한 외교적 노력을 기울여야 한다. 특히, 이란과의 원유 수입 재개 및 경제 협력 복원은 한국 경제에 중요한 과제이다.

6. 결론

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_[305] 뉴스 Trump nominee Pompeo pledges to be tough on Russia, 'fix' Iran deal https://www.reuters.[...] 2018-04-22
_[306] 뉴스 Backing 'every' option against Iran, Blinken appears to nod at military action https://www.timesofi[...] 2021-10-14
_[307] 뉴스 Blinken Declines to Rule Out Military Option Should Iran Nuclear Talks Fail https://www.haaretz.[...] 2021-10-31
_[308] 뉴스 Quick fix to U.S., Iran nuclear deal differences unlikely - French diplomat https://www.reuters.[...] Reuters 2022-05-12
_[309] 뉴스 US intelligence says Iran is not developing nuclear weapons https://www.neimagaz[...] Nuclear Engineering International 2023-07-14
_[310] 웹사이트 "Iran's Nuclear Weapons Capability and Terrorism Monitoring Act of 2022" https://www.odni.gov[...] Office of the Director of National Intelligence 2023-07-14
_[311] 뉴스 Nuclear negotiations with Iran end in failure https://www.latimes.[...] 2015-08-23
_[312] 뉴스 Why the Istanbul talks failed http://iranprimer.us[...] 2015-08-23
_[313] 뉴스 Iran raises hopes of nuclear trade-off to halt oil sanctions https://www.theguard[...] 2012-04-30
_[314] 뉴스 Netanyahu: Istanbul talks gave Iran a 'freebie' http://www.jpost.com[...] 2012-05-04
_[315] 뉴스 Obama responds to Netanyahu barb: No 'freebies' for Iran http://www.timesofis[...] 2012-05-04
_[316] 뉴스 U.S. signals major shift on Iran nuclear program http://www.latimes.c[...] 2012-04-27
_[317] 웹사이트 Israel says Iran must stop all enrichment, denies having access to Azerbaijan air bases http://english.alara[...] Al Arabiya 2012-04-25
_[318] 뉴스 US changes tune on Iranian nukes http://www.timesofis[...] 2012-04-28
_[319] 뉴스 EU's Ashton plans Israel visit to update Netanyahu on Iran nuclear talks http://www.haaretz.c[...] 2012-05-03
_[320] 뉴스 Netanyahu: Iran must commit to halt all enrichment in upcoming nuclear talks http://www.haaretz.c[...] 2012-05-09
_[321] 뉴스 EU's Ashton briefs Israeli prime minister on Iran talks http://english.alara[...] Al Arabiya News 2012-05-09
_[322] 간행물 Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran http://www.iaea.org/[...]
_[323] 웹사이트 Technicalities and the Fordow Enrichment Plant http://www.isisnucle[...] ISIS, The Institute for Science and International Security 2009-11-30
_[324] 뉴스 Angry Reaction "Shocked" Head of Iran's Nuclear Program https://www.washingt[...] 2009-09-26
_[325] 뉴스 Iran: Nuclear plant is sited to thwart attack https://www.nbcnews.[...] NBC News via Associated Press 2009-09-29
_[326] 웹사이트 Middle East – Iran 'ready for nuclear agreement' http://english.aljaz[...] Al Jazeera 2009-10-29
_[327] 뉴스 Iran proposes big changes to draft atom deal: report https://www.reuters.[...] 2009-10-29
_[328] 뉴스 Venezuela's Chavez Says Iran Aiding Uranium Exploration http://www.rferl.org[...] Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2009-10-18
_[329] 뉴스 The Tehran-Caracas Nuclear Axis Ahmadinejad and Chávez: new evidence of a radioactive relationship. https://www.wsj.com/[...] 2009-12-15
_[330] 간행물 Chávez's Secret Nuclear Program https://foreignpolic[...] Foreign Policy Magazine 2010-10-05
_[331] 뉴스 Exclusive: Iran says nuclear fuel production goes "very well" https://www.reuters.[...] Reuters (Tehran) 2010-02-11
_[332] 뉴스 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad declares Iran a 'nuclear state' after producing enriched uranium http://www.timesonli[...] 2010-02-11
_[333] 간행물 International Atomic Energy Agency: Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran http://www.iaea.org/[...] 2010-02-18
_[334] 뉴스 Iran Boasts of Capacity to Make Bomb Fuel https://www.nytimes.[...] 2010-02-12
_[335] 웹사이트 Iran goes further in breaching nuclear deal, IAEA report shows https://whbl.com/new[...] WHBL
_[336] 웹사이트 Exclusive: IAEA found uranium traces at Iran 'atomic warehouse' - diplomats https://www.reuters.[...] 2019-09-08
_[337] 웹사이트 IAEA found uranium traces at Iran atomic warehouse: envoys http://www.dailystar[...]
_[338] 웹사이트 Obama admin. dismisses leak of Obama letter on Iran fuel deal http://www.politico.[...] 2010-05-28
_[339] 웹사이트 ''Politica Externa'': Obama's Letter to Lula Regarding Brazil-Iran-Turkey Nuclear Negotiations http://www.politicae[...] Politicaexterna.com 2010-04-20
_[340] 뉴스 ''Washington Post'': U.S., Brazilian officials at odds over letter on Iranian uranium https://www.washingt[...] 2010-05-28
_[341] 뉴스 Nuclear fuel declaration by Iran, Turkey and Brazil http://news.bbc.co.u[...] BBC 2010-05-17
_[342] 웹사이트 ''Xinhua English News'': Iran to sign nuclear swap deal with Turkey, Brazil http://news.xinhuane[...] 2010-05-17
_[343] 뉴스 GCC backs efforts to solve Iran N-issue http://www.arabnews.[...] 2010-05-24
_[344] 뉴스 Politics – Hariri heads to Washington after visits to Egypt, Turkey http://www.dailystar[...] 2010-05-24
_[345] 웹사이트 AFP: Merkel urges Iran to 'carefully consider' nuclear deal https://www.google.c[...] 2010-05-27
_[346] 뉴스 China calls for peaceful solution to Iranian nuclear issue http://news.xinhuane[...] 2010-05-25
_[347] 뉴스 Gov't rejects Iran deal as a ruse http://www.jpost.com[...]
_[348] 웹사이트 Sarkozy Calls Iran Nuclear Offer 'Positive,' Seeks More Steps http://www.businessw[...] 2010-05-18
_[349] 웹사이트 Middle East – West 'still concerned' about Iran http://english.aljaz[...] Al Jazeera 2010-05-17
_[350] 뉴스 Clinton: Iran Fuel Swap Deal Has 'Deficiencies' http://www1.voanews.[...] VOA 2010-05-25
_[351] 웹사이트 Clinton Says Russia, China, U.S. Back Iran Sanctions (Update4) https://www.bloomber[...] 2015-04-19
_[352] 웹사이트 / Iran – 'South-south' diplomacy put to the test http://www.ft.com/cm[...] 2010-08-02
_[353] 웹사이트 Brazil vents frustration with West over Iran deal https://web.archive.[...] 2010-08-02
_[354] 뉴스 Iran hit by fresh UN nuclear sanctions threat http://news.bbc.co.u[...] 2010-05-19
_[355] 웹사이트 Al-ManarTV:: Sayyed Khamenei to Lula: US Upset with Cooperation of Independent Countries 16/05/2010 http://www.almanar.c[...] Almanar.com.lb 2010-08-02
_[356] 웹사이트 ElBaradei: Brazil-Iran-Turkey Nuclear Deal "Quite a Good Agreement" http://mrzine.monthl[...] Mrzine.monthlyreview.org 2012-04-04
_[357] 뉴스 "Fox News': Ban: Iran must make clear nuclear program for peaceful purposes, praises Brazil-Turkey deal" https://www.foxnews.[...] Fox News 2012-04-04
_[358] 뉴스 Bullet-riddled cars and lush gardens: Iran's memorial to its 'nuclear martyrs' https://www.theguard[...] The Guardian 2015-07-02
_[359] 뉴스 Israel teams with terror group to kill Iran's nuclear scientists, U.S. officials tell NBC News http://rockcenter.nb[...] 2012-02-09
_[360] 뉴스 Iran accuses West of using lizards for nuclear spying https://www.timesofi[...] The Times of Israel 2018-02-13
_[361] 뉴스 West used lizards to spy on Iran's nuclear program: ex-military chief http://www.tehrantim[...] Tehran Times 2018-02-14
_[362] 뉴스 IRAN SAYS ENEMIES USED LIZARDS TO SPY ON NUCLEAR PROGRAM http://www.newsweek.[...] Newsweek 2018-02-13
_[363] 뉴스 America and Iran: Bazaar rhetoric https://www.economis[...] 2013-11-24
_[364] 뉴스 Iran agrees to curb nuclear activity at Geneva talks https://www.bbc.co.u[...] BBC News Middle East 2014-02-02
_[365] 뉴스 Iran nuclear deal: Key points https://www.bbc.co.u[...] BBC News Middle East 2014-02-02
_[366] 뉴스 Iran, world powers reach historic nuclear deal with Iran https://www.washingt[...] 2013-11-24
_[367] 뉴스 Obama declares Iran deal 'important first step' http://bostonherald.[...] 2013-11-24
_[368] 웹사이트 Summary of Technical Understandings Related to the Implementation of the Joint Plan of Action on the Islamic Republic of Iran's Nuclear Program https://obamawhiteho[...] The White House Office 2014-02-02
_[369] 웹사이트 ISIS Analysis of IAEA Iran Safeguards Report http://www.isis-onli[...] ISIS 2014-02-20
_[370] 뉴스 Iran nuclear talks deadline extended until November https://www.bbc.com/[...] BBC 2014-10-16
_[371] 뉴스 Ruling dissolves asset freeze for Tehran's Sharif University of Technology due to lack of evidence http://www.timesofis[...]
_[372] 뉴스 Iran Nuclear Talks Extended Until July 7 http://www.voanews.c[...] Voice of America 2015-06-30
_[373] 뉴스 Iran nuclear talks extended again; Friday new deadline https://www.latimes.[...] 2015-07-08
_[374] 웹사이트 Parsing the Iran Deal http://carnegieendow[...] Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2015-08-08
_[375] 뉴스 Iran Says International Sanctions To Be Lifted Saturday http://www.huffingto[...] 2016-01-16
_[376] 뉴스 Iran Sanctions Lifted After Watchdog Verifies Nuclear Compliance https://www.nbcnews.[...] 2016-01-16
_[377] 뉴스 UN regulator to certify Iran compliance with nuke pact http://www.cnn.com/2[...] CNN 2016-01-16
_[378] 간행물 TheTwilight of the Iranian Revolution https://www.newyorke[...] 2020-06-07
_[379] 뉴스 How Israel, in Dark of Night, Torched Its Way to Iran's Nuclear Secrets https://www.nytimes.[...] 2020-06-09
_[380] 뉴스 How Mossad turned the IAEA around on Iran with evidence - analysis https://www.jpost.co[...] Jerusalem Post 2021-03-09
_[381] 뉴스 European intelligence officials briefed in Israel on Iran’s nuclear archive https://www.timesofi[...] The Times of Israel 2018-05-05
_[382] 뉴스 Mossad’s stunning op in Iran overshadows the actual intelligence it stole https://www.timesofi[...] The Times of Israel 2018-05-01
_[383] 뉴스 In recording, Netanyahu boasts Israel convinced Trump to quit Iran nuclear deal https://www.timesofi[...] 2018-07-17
_[384] 뉴스 Trump administration to reinstate all Iran sanctions https://www.bbc.com/[...] 2018-11-03
_[385] 웹사이트 Iran still holding up its end of nuclear deal, IAEA report shows https://news.yahoo.c[...] 2019-05-16
_[386] 웹사이트 Iran news: Iranian President Hassan Rouhani announces partial withdrawal from 2015 nuclear deal https://www.cbsnews.[...] 2019-05-08
_[387] 뉴스 Why do the limits on Iran's uranium enrichment matter? https://www.bbc.com/[...] 2019-11-10
_[388] 뉴스 Iran will enrich uranium to 5% at Fordow nuclear site -official https://www.jpost.co[...]
_[389] 뉴스 Iran able to enrich uranium up to 60%, says atomic energy agency spokesman https://www.reuters.[...] 2020-01-12
_[390] 웹사이트 Iran announces the 3rd phase of its nuclear-deal withdrawal amid new U.S. sanctions https://www.post-gaz[...] 2019-09-05
_[391] 간행물 Iran preserves options over the nuclear deal https://www.iiss.org[...] IISS 2020-01-06
_[392] 뉴스 Iran's Stockpile of Enriched Uranium Has Jumped, U.N. Atomic Agency Says https://www.wsj.com/[...] 2020-03-03
_[393] 뉴스 UN watchdog presses Iran over nuke violations, Iran threatens retaliation https://www.jpost.co[...] 2020-06-19
_[394] 간행물 IAEA Board Calls on Iran to Fully Implement its Safeguards Obligations https://www.iaea.org[...] IAEA 2020-06-19
_[395] 뉴스 Fire at Iran's Natanz nuclear facility caused significant damage https://www.jpost.co[...]
_[396] 뉴스 Iran using advanced uranium enrichment at prior exploded facility https://www.jpost.co[...]
_[397] 뉴스 Iran's enriched uranium stockpile '10 times limit' https://www.bbc.com/[...] 2020-09-04
_[398] 뉴스 Iran feeds uranium gas into advanced centrifuges underground - IAEA report https://www.reuters.[...] 2020-11-18
_[399] 뉴스 Iran's Top Nuclear Scientist Killed in Ambush, State Media Say https://www.nytimes.[...] 2020-11-27
_[400] 웹사이트 Iran Tells U.N. Agency It Will Enrich Uranium Back To Pre-Nuclear Deal Level Of 20% https://www.npr.org/[...] 2021-01-01
_[401] 웹사이트 Iran to limit IAEA's access to its nuclear plants https://en.trend.az/[...] 2021-02-08
_[402] 웹사이트 Iran's nuclear program was never intended to be for civilian purposes https://www.arabnews[...] 2021-09-16
_[403] 뉴스 Iran's uranium metal production is 'most serious nuclear step' to date, but deal can still be saved https://www.cnbc.com[...] 2021-02-16
_[404] 뉴스 'Accident' at Iran's Natanz nuclear facility after centrifuge activation https://www.jpost.co[...]
_[405] 뉴스 Iran has enriched uranium to up to 63% purity, IAEA says https://www.reuters.[...] 2021-05-11
_[406] citation Overmatch 2022-01-03
_[407] 뉴스 Iran defies Western powers with work on near weapons-grade uranium https://www.reuters.[...] Reuters 2022-03-16
_[408] 뉴스 Iran, IAEA agree timeline to remove obstacle to reviving nuclear deal https://www.reuters.[...] Reuters 2022-03-05
_[409] 뉴스 Iran nuclear chief says Tehran has given IAEA documents on outstanding issues https://www.reuters.[...] Reuters 2022-04-06
_[410] 뉴스 Iran is opening new centrifuge-parts workshop at Natanz -IAEA report https://www.reuters.[...] Reuters 2022-04-14
_[411] 뉴스 Iran moves centrifuge-parts workshop underground at Natanz, IAEA says https://www.reuters.[...] Reuters 2022-04-28
_[412] 뉴스 IAEA warns that Iran not forthcoming on past nuclear activities https://www.reuters.[...] Reuters 2022-05-10
_[413] 뉴스 Iran lied about banned nuclear activity using stolen documents - Israel https://www.bbc.com/[...] 2022-05-31
_[414] 뉴스 Nuclear watchdog censures Iran over uranium traces - diplomats https://www.bbc.com/[...] 2022-06-08
_[415] 뉴스 US, UK, France and Germany submit motion censuring Iran to UN nuclear watchdog https://www.timesofi[...] 2022-06-08
_[416] 뉴스 Fatal blow to JCPOA if Iran doesn't restore access within 3-4 weeks - IAEA https://www.jpost.co[...] 2022-06-09
_[417] 뉴스 Iran says its nuclear development to continue until the West changes its "illegal behaviour" https://www.reuters.[...] Reuters 2022-06-25
_[418] 뉴스 Exclusive: Iran escalates enrichment with adaptable machines at Fordow, IAEA reports https://www.reuters.[...] Reuters 2022-07-09
_[419] 뉴스 Iran: Germany, France, UK raise concerns on future of nuclear deal https://www.dw.com/e[...] 2022-09-10
_[420] 뉴스 IAEA 'cannot assure' peaceful nature of Iran nuclear programme https://www.aljazeer[...] 2022-09-07
_[421] 뉴스 UN chief urges Iran to hold 'serious dialogue' on nuclear inspections https://www.timesofi[...] Times of Israel 2022-09-14
_[422] 웹사이트 Hackers breach Iran's atomic energy agency, protests persist https://abcnews.go.c[...]
_[423] 웹사이트 Iranian hackers claim to have obtained files of Iran's 'dirty nuclear projects' https://www.jpost.co[...] 2022-10-22
_[424] 웹사이트 IAEA finds uranium enriched to 84% in Iran, near bomb-grade https://m.jpost.com/[...] 2023-02-21
_[425] 뉴스 Iran nuclear: IAEA inspectors find uranium particles enriched to 83.7% https://www.bbc.com/[...] 2023-03-01
_[426] 문서 ANNUAL THREAT ASSESSMENT https://www.odni.gov[...]
_[427] 웹사이트 UN agency report says Iran has further increased its uranium stockpile https://apnews.com/a[...] 2023-11-15
_[428] 웹사이트 Iran's stockpile of enriched uranium is 22 times above 2015 deal's limit, says IAEA https://www.timesofi[...] 2023-11-16
_[429] 웹사이트 Iran says it is activating new centrifuges after being condemned by UN nuclear watchdog https://edition.cnn.[...] 2024-11-22
_[430] 웹사이트 Iran to launch 'advanced centrifuges' in response to IAEA censure https://www.france24[...] 2024-11-22
_[431] 뉴스 Strong Leads and Dead Ends in Nuclear Case Against Iran https://www.washingt[...] 2006-02-08
_[432] 뉴스 The Laptop: Relying on Computer, U.S. Seeks to Prove Iran's Nuclear Aims https://www.nytimes.[...] 2005-11-13
_[433] 웹사이트 INFCIRC/711 Date: 27 August 2007 http://www.iaea.org/[...]
_[434] 웹사이트 Head of IAEA Safeguards Welcomes Iran Workplan, IAEA Staff Report, 30 August 2007 http://www.iaea.org/[...] Iaea.org 2007-08-30
_[435] 웹사이트 Latest Iran Safeguards Report Circulated to IAEA Board, IAEA Staff Report, 22 February 2008 http://www.iaea.org/[...] Iaea.org 2008-02-22
_[436] 웹사이트 Diplomats say US again shares information on Iran's nuclear program, Associated Press, Thursday, 21 February 2008 http://www1.wsvn.com[...] .wsvn.com
_[437] 뉴스 UN Says Iran May Not Have Come Clean on Nuclear Past https://www.washingt[...] 2008-03-02
_[438] 뉴스 Iran to Discuss Alleged Studies of Atomic Arms https://www.nytimes.[...] 2008-04-24
_[439] 뉴스 U.S. to Produce Data on Iran's Nuclear Program https://www.nytimes.[...] New York Times 2008-02-15
_[440] 웹사이트 Mohamed ElBaradei: 'They are not Fanatics' – Newsweek, 1 June 2009 http://www.newsweek.[...] 2009-05-22
_[441] 웹사이트 Middle East Online http://www.middle-ea[...] Middle East Online 2009-09-06
_[442] 웹사이트 Iran and IAEA re-enter missile row By Gareth Porter, Asia Times, 22 September 2009 http://www.atimes.co[...] 2009-09-22
_[443] 웹사이트 POLITICS: Iran Nuke Laptop Data Came from Terror Group, By Gareth Porter, IPS News, 29 February 2008 http://ipsnews.net/n[...] Ipsnews.net
_[444] 뉴스 US Iran intelligence 'is incorrect', by Julian Borger, The Guardian, Thursday 22 February 2007 https://www.theguard[...] 2007-02-22
_[445] 뉴스 Leaked Iran paper exposes IAEA rift https://web.archive.[...] Asia Times Online 2009-10-08
_[446] 뉴스 Israel says it holds a trove of documents from Iran's secret nuclear weapons archive https://www.washingt[...] 2018-04-30
_[447] 뉴스 Netanyahu’s Iran Revelations Were Aimed at an Audience of One https://www.bloomber[...] Bloomberg News 2018-05-01
_[448] 뉴스 Netanyahu and Iran’s Atomic Archive: What’s New and What’s Not https://www.defenseo[...] DefenseOne 2018-05-01
_[449] 뉴스 IAEA: 'No Credible Indications' of Iran Nuclear Weapons Activity After 2009 https://www.voanews.[...] 2018-05-01
_[450] 뉴스 Iran nuclear row: Tehran says Israel's Netanyahu lied https://www.bbc.com/[...] 2018-05-01
_[451] 웹사이트 Statement on Iran by the IAEA Spokesperson https://www.iaea.org[...] 2018-05-01
_[452] 뉴스 Iran Was Closer to a Nuclear Bomb Than Intelligence Agencies Thought https://foreignpolic[...] Foreign Policy 2018-11-13
_[453] 웹사이트 Scoop: Israel destroyed active nuclear weapons research facility in Iran, officials say https://www.axios.co[...] 2024-11-15
_[454] 웹사이트 'AFP':Six powers to meet soon over Iran's nuclear program http://afp.google.co[...] 2008-01-15
_[455] 웹사이트 ASIL Insights:Iran's Resumption of its Nuclear Program: Addendum http://www.asil.org/[...]
_[456] 논문 North Korean Links to Building of a Nuclear Reactor in Syria: Implications for International Law http://www.asil.org/[...] 2008-04-28
_[457] 서적 Effective Non-Proliferation: The European Union and the 2005 NPT Review Conference Institute for Security Studies 2005-04
_[458] 웹사이트 Congressional Research Service: Iran's Nuclear Program: Tehran's Compliance with International Obligations https://fpc.state.go[...] 2012-04-04
_[459] 웹사이트 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Deterring Safeguards Violations http://www.carnegiee[...] 2012-04-04
_[460] 웹사이트 SAGSI: Its Role and Contribution to Safeguards Development http://www.asno.dfat[...] 2009-09-20
_[461] 웹사이트 Safeguards in a Broader Policy Perspective: Verifying Treaty Compliance http://www.asno.dfat[...] 2008-02-24
_[462] 웹사이트 Adherence to and Compliance With Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments https://2001-2009.st[...] 2008-02-24
_[463] 웹사이트 Uncorrected Evidence m10 https://publications[...] 2008-02-24
_[464] 웹사이트 Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities (National Intelligence Estimate) http://www.dni.gov/p[...] 2009-09-20
_[465] 간행물 The Inexorable Momentum of Escalation Praeger
_[466] 웹사이트 Security Council Demands Iran Suspend Uranium Enrichment by 31 August, or Face Possible Economic, Diplomatic Sanctions https://www.un.org/N[...] United Nations 2012-04-04
_[467] 웹사이트 "US State Department: Third Session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2005 Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons" https://2009-2017.st[...] State.gov 2012-04-04
_[468] 웹사이트 American approach towards the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) http://dermfa.ir/pdf[...]
_[469] 웹사이트 Embassy of the United States in Russia: Briefing by Secretary Condoleezza Rice En Route to London, England http://moscow.usemba[...]
_[470] 웹사이트 Senate Foreign Relations Committee: Statement of Richard N. Haass (March 3, 2009) http://foreign.senat[...] 2009-09-20
_[471] 웹사이트 Nukes a matter of pride in Iran http://www.signonsan[...] 2008-02-24
_[472] 웹사이트 IRAN: Nuclear Negotiations – Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/p[...] 2008-02-24
_[473] 웹사이트 "BBC World Service Poll: Declining Support for Tough Measures against Iran's Nuclear Program: Global Poll" http://www.worldpubl[...] 2012-04-04
_[474] 웹사이트 An Unnecessary Crisis: Setting the Record Straight about Iran's Nuclear Program http://www.un.int/ir[...] New York Times 2005-11-18
_[475] 웹사이트 Transcript: 'Response ... will be a positive one' – Nightly News with Brian Williams https://www.nbcnews.[...] 2008-10-26
_[476] 웹사이트 Disarmament Diplomacy, Issue No. 86, Autumn 2007, Rethinking Security Interests for a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in the Middle East, Rebecca Johnson http://www.acronym.o[...] Acronym.org.uk 2009-09-20
_[477] 뉴스 イラン、原爆製造は技術的に可能 意図はない＝原子力庁長官 https://jp.reuters.c[...] 2023-08-18
_[478] 뉴스 米・イスラエル、「イラン核保有認めず」 共同宣言に署名 https://jp.reuters.c[...] ロイター通信 2023-06-21
_[479] 웹사이트 核開発のイラン人科学者、銃撃され死亡 イスラエルの関与指摘、報復明言 https://www.tokyo-np[...] 2023-08-18
_[480] 뉴스 イラン核兵器「西側は止められず」 https://www.nikkei.c[...] 日本経済新聞 2023-06-21
_[481] 논문 Sanctions and Exports Deflection: Evidence from Iran http://www.parisscho[...] Paris School of Economics, University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne 2015
_[482] 뉴스 An atomic threat made in America Chicago Tribune 2009-07-01
_[483] 웹사이트 Iran Affairs: Blasts from the Past: Western Support for Iran's Nuclear program 2008-02-24
_[484] 서적 The Nuclear Sphinx of Tehran Basic Books
_[485] 서적 The Defiant States
_[486] 간행물 Iran's Nuclear Program: Status Congressional Research Service 2012-10-02
_[487] 웹사이트 U.S. in 1983 stopped IAEA from helping Iran make UF6 http://geocities.com[...] 2023-08-19
_[488] 웹사이트 U.S. Halted Nuclear Bid By Iran; China, Argentina Agreed to Cancel Technology Transfers http://www.highbeam.[...] HighBeam RESEARCH 2023-08-19
_[489] 뉴스 Iran launches Bushehr nuclear power plant RIA Novosti 2011-09-14
_[490] 뉴스 Bushehr NPP to be brought to full capacity by year-end The Voice of Russia 2012-12-22
_[491] 뉴스 Iran sees Bushehr plant at full capacity in one year null AFP 2007-12-18
_[492] 뉴스 U.N. nuclear watchdog board rebukes defiant Iran null Reuters 2011-11-18
_[493] 간행물 IAEA Report for military dimensions, see pages 4–12 null 2011-11-08
_[494] 간행물 The 20% Solution null Foreign Policy 2012-01-11
_[495] 뉴스 Iran parliament to review ties with U.N. nuclear body null Washington Post 2011-11-20
_[496] 간행물 Iran's Nuclear Program: Tehran's Compliance With International Obligations null Congressional Research Service 2012-09-18
_[497] 웹사이트 IAEA GOV/2003/40: Implementation of the NPT safeguards agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran null 2003-01-01
_[498] url http://www.un.int/ir[...]
_[499] 웹사이트 Council on Foreign Relations: Iran's Nuclear Program null 2009-09-20
_[500] 뉴스 Iran needs nuclear energy, not weapons null Le Monde diplomatique 2005-11-01
_[501] 웹사이트 Resolution 1696 (2006) null 2006-01-01
_[502] 뉴스 Ahmadinejad: Iran's nuclear issue is 'closed' null MSNBC 2007-09-25
_[503] 간행물 "Iran: Where We Are Today – A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, May 4, 2009" null Fas.org 2009-05-04
_[504] 웹사이트 Iran's Nuclear Program – Council on Foreign Relations null 2012-04-04
_[505] 간행물 Contract between the International Atomic Energy Agency, Iran and the United States of America for the transfer of Enriched Uranium and Plutonium for a Research Reactor in Iran null IAEA (United Nations) 1967-06-07
_[506] 웹사이트 Foreign Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Acceptance null U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration 2006-09-24
_[507] 간행물 Iran's Nuclear Program: Recent Developments: "The Shah's plan to build 23 nuclear power reactors by the 1990s was regarded as grandiose, but not necessarily viewed as a "back door" to a nuclear weapons program, possibly because Iran did not then seek the technologies to enrich or reprocess its own fuel" null
_[508] 뉴스 Past Arguments Don't Square With Current Iran Policy null Washington Post 2005-03-27
_[509] 서적 Internationalization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Goals, Strategies, and Challenges null Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, National Academies Press 2009-01-01
_[510] 서적 Internationalization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Goals, Strategies, and Challenges. Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, National Academies Press. 2009). "Iran argues that this experience indicates that joint ownership of foreign facilities does not solve the problem of assuring fuel supply ... The recent experience in which Russian fuel supply to Bushehr was delayed for an extended period as disputes over Iran's nuclear program continued also contributed to Iran's perception that foreign fuel supply is unreliable." null
_[511] 웹사이트 'Agence Global'': Making a U.S.-Iranian Nuclear Deal" null 2009-11-09
_[512] 뉴스 US in 1983 stopped IAEA from helping Iran make UF6 null Nuclear Fuel 2003-08-04
_[513] 간행물 International Atomic Energy Agency: Correspondence between the President of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran and the Director General (September 1984) null
_[514] 간행물 International Atomic Energy Agency: TelEx Messages to the Director General (27 November 1987) from the President of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran null
_[515] 서적 Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev null Regnery Publishing, Inc. 1998-01-01
_[516] 간행물 A Review of: "John W. Parker. Persian Dreams: Moscow and Tehran Since the Fall of the Shah." null Terrorism and Political Violence 2011-01-01
_[517] 웹사이트 Iran's Nuclear Program. Part I: Its History null 2008-01-01
_[518] 뉴스 Iran Told IAEA It Will Build Chinese UF6 Plant at Isfahan null Nuclear Fuel 1996-12-16
_[519] 웹사이트 ArmsControlWonk: Exiles and Iran Intel null 2008-10-26
_[520] 웹사이트 News Center: In Focus: IAEA and Iran null 2008-01-01
_[521] 간행물 (PDF) Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran null IAEA 2003-11-10
_[522] 뉴스 Iran confirms stopping Additional Protocol of the NPT null "Iran Press Service" 2005-10-09
_[523] 웹사이트 GOV/2004/83 – Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in Iran null
_[524] 뉴스 ElBaradei Isn't Perfect null Antiwar.com 2005-12-27
_[525] 뉴스 Iran reported to Security Council null BBC News 2006-02-04
_[526] 간행물 "Resolution GOV/2006/14 of the Board of Governors: Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran" null International Atomic Energy Agency 2006-04-02
_[527] 문서 GOV/2006/15 Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran 2006-02-27
_[528] 뉴스 Iran President: We Won't Retreat 'One Iota' Fox News 2006-04-14
_[529] 간행물 "ISIS Imagery Brief: New Activities at the Esfahan and Natanz Nuclear Sites in Iran" null Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) 2006
_[530] 문서 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1696 S-RES-1696(2006) page 2 in 2006 2006
_[531] 문서 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737 S-RES-1737(2006) on 23 December 2006 2006-12-23
_[532] 문서 United Nations Security Council Document 815 S-2006-815 on 13 October 2006 2006-10-13
_[533] 뉴스 UN passes Iran nuclear sanctions BBC News 2006-12-13
_[534] 간행물 "GOV/2007/8 – Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and Relevant Provisions of Security Council Resolution 1737 (2006) in the Islamic Republic of Iran" null
_[535] 웹사이트 Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737(2006)
_[536] 웹사이트 Security Council Tightens Restrictions on Iran's Proliferation-Sensitive Nuclear Activities, Increases Vigilance Over Iranian Banks, Has States Inspect Cargo
_[537] 뉴스 Australia Imposes New Broad-Ranging Sanctions Against Iran Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia 2010-07-29
_[538] 뉴스 Canada Passes Sanctions under the Special Economic Measures Act 2010-07-26
_[539] 뉴스 Japan approves new Iran sanctions Al Jazeera 2010-09-03
_[540] 뉴스 Norway joins EU sanctions against Iran The Norway Post 2010-07-29
_[541] 웹사이트 null http://www.csmonitor[...] The Christian Science Monitor 2010-09-08
_[542] 뉴스 Russia pulls plug on Iran arms deal Upi.com 2010-09-22
_[543] 논문 Iran’s Nuclear Odyssey: Costs and Risks https://carnegieendo[...] 2013-04-02
_[544] 뉴스 イランと米欧など6カ国、核協議で最終合意 http://www.asahi.com[...] 2015-07-14
_[545] 뉴스 IAEA、イランの核設備縮小を確認 米欧は制裁解除へ https://www.nikkei.c[...] 2016-01-17
_[546] 뉴스 イラン制裁解除へ、米欧など6カ国 核合意履行受け https://www.nikkei.c[...] 2016-01-18
_[547] 웹사이트 トランプ大統領、イラン核合意からの離脱を発表 欧州説得実らず https://www.bbc.com/[...] 2018-05-09
_[548] 웹사이트 Iran announces the 3rd phase of its nuclear-deal withdrawal amid new U.S. sanctions https://www.post-gaz[...]
_[549] 웹사이트 核施設火災は「破壊工作」 イラン、報復の可能性も 爆発発生と報道官 https://www.nikkei.c[...] 日本経済新聞 2020-08-24
_[550] 웹사이트 イランで核科学者暗殺 イスラエル関与か、報復示唆 https://web.archive.[...] 時事通信 2020-11-28
_[551] 웹사이트 "ISIS Analysis of IAEA Iran Safeguards Report: Part 1" Institute for Science and International Security 2011-11-08
_[552] 뉴스 European states call for stiffer sanctions against Iran following IAEA report Guardian
_[553] 뉴스 IAEA resolution to sharply criticize Iran for nuclear efforts Washington Post 2011-11-17
_[554] 뉴스 Chain reaction: How the media has misread the IAEA's report on Iran Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2011-11-23
_[555] 뉴스 New claims emerge involving scientist in Iran nuke report Usatoday.com
_[556] 뉴스 Powers pressure Iran, IAEA chief "alerts world" Reuters.com
_[557] 간행물 IAEA Board Adopts Resolution on Iran IAEA 2011-11-18
_[558] 뉴스 U.S. to keep pressure on Iran after nuclear report Reuters 2011-11-18
_[559] 뉴스 Iran parliament to review ties with U.N. nuclear body Reuters 2011-11-20
_[560] 웹사이트 "ISIS Analysis of IAEA Iran Safeguards Report:" Institute for Science and International Security 2012-11-16
_[561] 뉴스 Iran expected to sharply increase uranium capacity, IAEA report null globalpost 2012-11-16
_[562] 웹사이트 抜き打ち査察停止を通告 イラン、核合意で揺さぶり https://web.archive.[...] 時事通信 2021-02-17
_[563] 웹사이트 IAEA、イランの施設でウラン粒子を検知＝外交筋 https://jp.reuters.c[...] ロイター 2021-02-19
_[564] 뉴스 In Iran, Power Written in Stone null Washington Post 2006-01-23
_[565] 웹사이트 Iranians Oppose Producing Nuclear Weapons, Saying It Is Contrary to Islam null World Public Opinion 2007-02-28
_[566] 웹사이트 BBC Poll: 94% of Iranians: We have right to develop nuclear plan null Ynetnews.com 1995-06-20
_[567] 웹사이트 Iranian Public Opinion on Governance, Nuclear Weapons and Relations with the United States, August 27, 2008 null Worldpublicopinion.org 2008-08-27
_[568] 간행물 2008 Annual Arab Public Opinion Poll – see "Key Findings"
_[569] 웹사이트 Iran, Lebanon, Israelis and Palestinians: New IPI Opinion Polls, 5 January 2011 null Ipacademy.org 2011-01-05
_[570] 뉴스 Iran TV halts 2 polls on nuke activities, Hormuz closure after voting came against Ahmadinejad null Al Arabiya 2012-07-06
_[571] 뉴스 Iran Nuclear Program Should Be Abandoned, State TV Viewers Say null Huffington Post 2012-07-06
_[572] 뉴스 Iranians want end to sanctions, short-lived poll finds null The Los Angeles Times 2012-07-04
_[573] 뉴스 null https://www.nytimes.[...] The New York Times 2012-07-04
_[574] 뉴스 Iran state TV poll reveals Iranians want nuclear programme stopped http://www.telegraph[...] 2012-07-09
_[575] 뉴스 Iran Asserts Expansion of Nuclear Operation – washingtonpost.com null The Washington Post 2007-04-10
_[576] 간행물 Statement of Fereydoun Abbasi at the IAEA 56th General Conference IAEA 2012-09-17
_[577] 뉴스 Iran Nuclear Chief Accuses IAEA null Associated Press. Wall Street Journal 2012-09-17
_[578] 뉴스 IAEA renews pressure on Iran after 'terrorists' charge null Israel Hayom 2012-09-19
_[579] 뉴스 With "sabotage" charge, Iran takes hostile tone with U.N. watchdog null Washington Post 2012-10-07
_[580] 간행물 IAEA Statement on Meeting with Dr. Fereydoun Abbasi IAEA 2012-09-18
_[581] 뉴스 IAEA ignores Iranian claim it has been infiltrated by terrorists, presses Islamic Republic on alleged bomb research null Reuters. The National Post 2012-09-18
_[582] 뉴스 Iran’s Top Atomic Official Says Nation Issued False Nuclear Data to Fool Spies null New York Times 2012-09-20
_[583] 뉴스 Iran admits it deceived the West over nuclear program null The Times of Israel 2012-09-20
_[584] 뉴스 Exclusive: Iran says nuclear fuel production goes "very well" null Reuters (Tehran) 2010-02-11
_[585] 뉴스 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad declares Iran a 'nuclear state' after producing enriched uranium null The Times 2010-02-11
_[586] 간행물 Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran International Atomic Energy Agency 2010-02-18
_[587] 뉴스 Iran Boasts of Capacity to Make Bomb Fuel null The New York Times 2010-02-12
_[588] 뉴스 Ahmadinejad: Destroy Israel, End Crisis Washington Post
_[589] 뉴스 UPDATE 6-In New York, defiant Ahmadinejad says Israel will be 'eliminated' null Reuters 2012-09-24
_[590] 뉴스 Iran's Ahmadinejad Says America Entrusted Itself to the Devil null ABC News 2012-09-26
_[591] 뉴스 Iran's Ahmadinejad Says America Entrusted Itself to the Devil null ABC News 2012-09-26
_[592] 웹사이트 null http://www.adl.org/m[...]
_[593] 웹인용 Iran's Nuclear Program: Status https://fas.org/sgp/[...] Congressional Research Service 2012-09-26
_[594] 웹인용 Signatories and Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons https://fas.org/nuke[...] 2006-04-17
_[595] 뉴스 플루토늄 1kg으로도 원폭제조 가능 연합뉴스 1994-08-23
_[596] 뉴스 北 이번엔 ‘우라늄 核개발’>소규모 지하 농축공장 건설여부 주목 문화일보 2009-06-15