토륨 동위 원소

3. 이용

토륨은 토륨 기반 핵발전에 사용될 수 있다고 제안되었다. 많은 국가에서 토륨의 소비자 제품 사용은 방사성 물질이기 때문에 금지되거나 권장되지 않는다.

현재는 진공관의 음극에 사용되는데, 이는 고온에서의 물리적 안정성과 표면에서 전자를 제거하는 데 필요한 낮은 일함수를 결합한 특성 때문이다.

약 1세기 동안 가스등 및 캠핑 랜턴과 같은 가스 및 증기 램프의 심지에 사용되어 왔다.

3. 1. 핵연료

3. 2. 합금

3. 3. 촉매

3. 4. 기타 용도

4. 주의 사항

참조

_[1] 논문 Determination of the ²²⁹Th half-life 2014
_[2] 논문 Nuclear structure of ²²⁹Th https://cds.cern.ch/[...]
_[3] 논문 Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th https://www.few.vu.n[...] 2003-01-15
_[4] 논문 A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place https://sites.lsa.um[...] 2012
_[5] 논문 New isotope ²⁰⁷Th and odd-even staggering in α-decay energies for nuclei with ''Z'' > 82 and ''N'' < 126
_[6] 문서 Theorized to also undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ²²⁴Ra
_[7] 문서 Intermediate decay product of Uranium-235
_[8] 문서 Intermediate decay product of thorium-232
_[9] 문서 Intermediate decay product of neptunium-237
_[10] 문서 Neutral ^229mTh decays rapidly by internal conversion, ejecting an electron. There is not enough energy to eject a second electron, so ^229mTh⁺ ions live much longer, decaying by gamma emission. See Thorium-229m.
_[11] 문서 Used in Uranium–thorium dating
_[12] 문서 Intermediate decay product of Uranium-238
_[13] 문서 Primordial radionuclide
_[14] 문서 Theorized to also undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ²³²U
_[15] 문서 Produced in neutron capture by ²³²Th
_[16] 웹사이트 f2.5 Aero Ektar Lenses http://new55project.[...]
_[17] 웹사이트 Aero-Ektar Lenses http://home.earthlin[...] 2002-01-16
_[18] 웹사이트 Thor Medical – production of alpha emitters for cancer treatment https://www.scatecin[...] 2023-05
_[19] 간행물 Report to Congress on the extraction of medical isotopes from U-233 http://www.ne.doe.go[...] U.S. Department of Energy 2001-03
_[20] 논문 Impact of the electron environment on the lifetime of the ²²⁹Th^m low-lying isomer 2007-11
_[21] 논문 Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer 2017-01
_[22] 논문 Radiative lifetime and energy of the low-energy isomeric level in ²²⁹Th 2015-11-25
_[23] 논문 Reduced transition probabilities for the gamma decay of the 7.8 eV isomer in ^229mTh 2017-05-23
_[24] 논문 Frequency ratio of the ^229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the ⁸⁷Sr atomic clock 2024-09-04
_[25] 논문 Processes of the nuclear isomer ^229mTh(3/2⁺, 3.5±1.0 eV) Resonant excitation by optical photons 1996
_[26] 논문 Towards a ²²⁹Th-based nuclear clock 2018-03
_[27] 간행물 "'Phase Transition' in the 'Thorium-Isomer Story'" https://www.actaphys[...] 2020-03
_[28] 논문 Resonance ionization spectroscopy of thorium isotopes - towards a laser spectroscopic identification of the low-lying 7.6 eV isomer of ²²⁹Th 2011-07
_[29] 논문 Features of the low energy level scheme of ²²⁹Th as observed in the α-decay of ²³³U 1976
_[30] 논문 Energy separation of the doublet of intrinsic states at the ground state of ²²⁹Th https://zenodo.org/r[...] American Physical Society 1990-01
_[31] 논문 An Excited State of ²²⁹Th at 3.5 eV https://zenodo.org/r[...] 1994-04
_[32] 논문 Energy splitting in the ground state doublet in the nucleus ²²⁹Th https://zenodo.org/r[...] 2007-04-06
_[33] 간행물 Improved value for the energy splitting of the ground-state doublet in the nucleus ²²⁹Th https://e-reports-ex[...] 2009-07-30
_[34] 논문 Results of a Direct Search Using Synchrotron Radiation for the Low-Energy 2015-06-23
_[35] 논문 Experimental search for the low-energy nuclear transition in ²²⁹Th with undulator radiation 2015-05
_[36] 학위논문 On the direct detection of ^229mTh https://edoc.ub.uni-[...] Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 2016
_[37] 학술지 On an attempt to optically excite the nuclear isomer in Th-229 2018
_[38] 학술지 Observation of the Deexcitation of the ^229mTh Nuclear Isomer 2012-10-18
_[39] arXiv Excitation of ²²⁹Th nuclei in laser plasma: the energy and half-life of the low-lying isomeric state 2018-04-01
_[40] 학술지 Comment on "Observation of the Deexcitation of the ^229mTh Nuclear Isomer" 2013-07-03
_[41] 학술지 The 229-thorium isomer: doorway to the road from the atomic clock to the nuclear clock https://s3.cern.ch/i[...] 2019-10-28
_[42] 학술지 Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition 2016-05-05
_[43] 학술지 Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition 2019-09-12
_[44] 학술지 Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh
_[45] 학술지 X-ray pumping of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock isomer 2019-09-12
_[46] 학술지 Measurement of the ²²⁹Th Isomer Energy with a Magnetic Microcalorimeter 2020-10-02
_[47] 뉴스 Ticking Toward a Nuclear Clock https://physics.aps.[...] 2020-09-28
_[48] 학술지 Observation of the radiative decay of the 229Th nuclear clock isomer https://www.nature.c[...] 2023-05
_[49] 학술지 Shedding Light on the Thorium-229 Nuclear Clock Isomer https://physics.aps.[...] 2024-04-29
_[50] 보도자료 Atomic Nucleus Excited with Laser: A Breakthrough after Decades https://www.tuwien.a[...] TU Wien 2024-04-29
_[51] 학술지 Laser Excitation of the Th-229 Nucleus https://www.tuwien.a[...] 2024-04-29
_[52] arXiv Laser excitation of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomeric transition in a solid-state host 2024-04-18
_[53] 뉴스 The First Nuclear Clock Will Test if Fundamental Constants Change https://www.quantama[...] 2024-09-04
_[54] 학술지 Radiations of Uranium Y 1949-01-01
_[55] 웹사이트 Isotopes of Thorium (Z=90) http://ie.lbl.gov/ed[...] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2010-01-18
_[56] 웹사이트 Th-232 Decay Chain http://hepwww.rl.ac.[...] 2010-01-25
_[57] 웹사이트 Thorium http://www.world-nuc[...] 2010-01-25
_[58] 학술지 Redistribution of thorotrast into a liver allograft several years following transplantation: a case report
_[59] 학술지 Occurrence of the (4n + 1) series in nature https://digital.libr[...] 1952
_[60] 학술지 Energy splitting in the ground state doublet in the nucleus ²²⁹Th" http://scitation.aip[...] 2007-04-06
_[61] 학술지 Nuclear structure of ²²⁹Th" http://scitation.aip[...] 2006
_[62] 학술지 alpha decay of a new isotope of ²⁰⁹Th" http://prola.aps.org[...] 1996
_[63] 문서 굵은 글꼴은 반감기가 우주의 나이보다 긴 동위 원소(거의 안정적)
_[64] 문서 http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx
_[65] 문서 약자:
CD: 뭉치 붕괴
ε: 전자 포획
IT: 이성질핵 전이
SF: 자발 핵분열
_[66] 문서 굵은 글꼴은 안정 동위 원소
_[67] 문서 ²³⁵U의 중간 붕괴 생성물
_[68] 문서 ²³²Th의 중간 붕괴 생성물
_[69] 문서 우라늄-토륨 연대 측정에 사용된다
_[70] 문서 ²³⁸U의 중간 붕괴 생성물
_[71] 문서 원시 핵종