VCAM-1

1. 본문

Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), also known as CD106 or INCAM-110, is a cell surface sialoglycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the *VCAM1* gene. It belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily (a superfamily of proteins that includes antibodies and T-cell receptors).
Structure:

• VCAM-1 is a type I membrane protein, meaning it has an extracellular N-terminus.
• It contains either six or seven immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, with the seven-domain form being predominant. These domains are of the C2-type.
• The human VCAM-1 protein has a predicted molecular weight of approximately 80 kDa, though it can appear as 100-110 kDa due to glycosylation.
• It has a 674 amino acid residue extracellular segment, a 22 amino acid residue transmembrane domain, and a 19 amino acid residue cytoplasmic tail.

• VCAM-1 primarily functions as a cell adhesion molecule, mediating the adhesion of leukocytes (such as lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) to vascular endothelium (the cells lining blood vessels).
• It is also involved in leukocyte-endothelial cell signal transduction.
• It interacts with VLA-4 (Very Late Antigen-4 or integrin α4β1) and α4β7 integrin expressed on leukocytes.
• It plays a role in inflammatory and immune responses.

• VCAM-1 is typically expressed on endothelial cells, but its expression is significantly upregulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1).
• VCAM-1 expression can also be induced by other factors, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidized low-density lipoprotein, high glucose concentration, toll-like receptor agonists, and shear stress.
• Under conditions of high inflammation, VCAM-1 can also be expressed on other cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts.
• The promoter region of the *VCAM1* gene contains functional NF-κB sites, contributing to sustained VCAM-1 expression that can last over 24 hours.

• VCAM-1 may play a role in the development of diseases, such as atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
• It is a major regulator of leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration during inflammation.
• VCAM-1 expression is induced in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, allograft rejection, and asthmatic responses.