손가락 비율

3. 연구사

19세기 후반, 남성이 여성보다 검지가 약지보다 짧은 경향이 있다는 사실이 여러 보고서에서 언급되었다.^[9] 1930년, 201명의 남성과 109명의 여성을 대상으로 한 연구에서 손가락 비율의 성별 차이가 통계적으로 유의미하게 확인되었으나,^[10] 이후 이러한 성별 차이는 잊혀지거나 무시된 것으로 보인다.

1983년, 킹스 칼리지 런던의 글렌 윌슨은 여성의 자기 주장과 손가락 비율 간의 상관관계를 연구한 결과를 발표했는데, 여기서 낮은 2D:4D 비율을 가진 여성들이 더 높은 자기 주장을 보인다고 보고했다.^[11] 이는 동일 성별 구성원 내에서 손가락 비율과 심리적 특성 간의 상관관계를 조사한 최초의 연구였다.^[12] 윌슨은 골격 구조와 성격이 자궁 내 성 호르몬 수치에 의해 동시에 영향을 받는다고 제안했다.^[11]

1998년, 존 T. 매닝과 동료들은 손가락 비율의 성별 차이가 2세 어린이에게서 나타난다고 보고했으며,^[13] 집게손가락이 출생 전 성 호르몬의 지표라는 생각을 더 발전시켰다. 그 이후, 이 주제에 대한 연구가 전 세계적으로 급증했다.

4. 성별 및 연령에 따른 차이

2D:4D 비율은 성별에 따라 차이를 보이며, 남성이 여성보다 낮은 경향을 보인다.^[32][17] 이러한 성별 차이는 태아기뿐만 아니라 출생 후 발달 과정에서도 나타나며,^[18] 성인이 어린이보다 더 큰 성별 차이를 보인다.^[18] 폴란드인을 대상으로 한 연구에서는 왼손의 경우 남녀 모두, 오른손의 경우 여성에게서 연령대(어린이, 청년, 성인) 간 2D:4D 비율에 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 발견되었다.^[19]

일본에서 행해진 자폐증 아동 연구에서는 건강한 아동 대조군의 2D:4D 비율도 측정되었는데, 남아는 0.97 (표준 편차 0.005), 여아는 0.98 (표준 편차 0.004)였다.^[179]

민족 간에도 2D:4D 비율에 차이가 나타난다. 한족, 베르베르인, 위구르족, 자메이카인 어린이를 대상으로 한 연구에서 한족 어린이의 2D:4D 비율 평균값이 가장 높았고, 자메이카 어린이의 경우 가장 낮은 값을 보였다.^[180][181] 이러한 민족 간 차이는 성별 간 차이보다 더 크다.^[182] 그러나 각 민족별 2D:4D 비율 평균의 표준 편차가 커서 일부 민족 집단의 신뢰 구간은 겹친다는 점에 유의해야 한다.

5. 태아기 호르몬의 영향

2D:4D 비율은 태아기의 성 호르몬, 특히 테스토스테론과 에스트로겐 노출에 영향을 받는다고 알려져 있다. 낮은 2D:4D 비율은 높은 태아기 테스토스테론 노출과 관련이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다.^{[26][25][42][43][27][28][29][30]} 2D:4D 비율은 테스토스테론뿐만 아니라 에스트로겐 노출에도 영향을 받으며, 테스토스테론 대 에스트로겐 비율과 음의 상관관계를 보인다는 연구 결과도 있다.^{[31][4][32][33]}

선천성 부신 과형성증(CAH)과 같이 태아기 안드로겐 노출이 높은 경우, 2D:4D 비율이 낮아지는 경향을 보인다.^[42][43][44] 클라인펠터 증후군과 같이 테스토스테론 분비가 감소하는 경우, 2D:4D 비율이 높아지는 경향을 보인다.^[28] 안드로겐 무감응 증후군(AIS)과 같이 안드로겐 수용체가 기능하지 않는 경우에도 2D:4D 비율이 높아진다.^[52]

6. 유전적 요인 및 민족/지리적 차이

2D:4D 비율은 유전적 요인의 영향을 받는다는 증거가 있다.^[53][54]

매닝(Manning)과 동료들은 2D:4D 비율이 서로 다른 민족 집단 간에 크게 다르다는 것을 보고했다. 한족, 베르베르인, 위구르족 및 자메이카인 어린이를 대상으로 한 연구에서 매닝 등은 다음과 같은 결과를 발견했다.^[55][56]

이러한 변동은 성별 간의 차이보다 훨씬 크다. 매닝에 따르면 "폴란드인과 핀란드인 사이의 차이가 남성과 여성 사이의 차이보다 더 크다."^[57]

2007년, 매닝 등은 백인, 중국인이 아닌 아시아인, 중동인의 비율이 더 높고, 중국인과 흑인 표본의 비율이 더 낮은 평균 2D:4D에서 민족적 변동에 대한 추가 증거를 보고했다.^[58] 루(Lu) 등의 2008년 연구에 따르면 후이족과 닝샤 회족 자치구의 한족의 평균 2D:4D 값은 영국과 같은 유럽 국가보다 낮았다.^[59]

두 연구에서는 2D:4D 비율의 지리적 차이가 유전자 풀 차이로 인해 발생하는지, 아니면 위도와 관련된 일부 환경 변수(예: 햇빛 노출 또는 다른 일조 패턴)가 관련될 수 있는지에 대한 질문을 탐구했다. 결론은 2D:4D 비율의 지리적 차이는 지리적 위도가 아닌 유전자 풀 차이로 인해 발생한다는 것이다.^[60][61]

근친 결혼(근친 교배)은 자손의 2D:4D 비율을 낮추는 것으로 밝혀졌다.^[62] 이는 근친 결혼률이 종교, 문화 및 지리 등에 따라 달라지므로 2D:4D 비율의 일부 지리적 및 민족적 변동을 설명할 수 있다.^[63]

7. 인지, 신체, 행동 특성과의 관련성

2D:4D 비율은 다양한 인지, 신체, 행동 특성과 관련이 있다고 알려져 있다. 이러한 특성들은 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있다.^{[1][64][65][66][67][68][69]}

낮은 2D:4D 비율(남성화)은 높은 수학 능력, 공격성(남성), 자기 주장(여성), 감소된 친화성과 관련이 있다.^[1][64][65]

높은 2D:4D 비율(여성화)과 관련하여, 남성의 경우 낮은 정자 수, 심장 질환, 비만, 대사 증후군, 우울증 위험이 더 높은 것으로 보고된다.^[66][67][68] 여성의 경우 섭식 장애, 불안 및 우울증 위험이 더 높다.^[69]

2D:4D 비율과 왼손잡이 연관성은 상반된 결과가 보고되고 있다.^[70][71][72]

낮은 2D:4D 비율 남성과 높은 2D:4D 비율 여성에서 더 높은 수준의 얼굴 대칭성이 나타난다.^[74]

2D:4D 비율은 코로나19 치명률과 관련이 있다는 연구 결과가 있었으나, 후속 연구에서 재현되지 않았다.^[78][79][80]

손가락 비율은 성적 이형성을 나타내는데, 대부분 손가락 비율은 여성보다 남성에서 더 뚜렷하게 나타난다.^{[125][276][126]}

8. 비판 및 논란

2D:4D 비율과 관련된 연구들은 다음과 같은 비판을 받기도 한다.

• 수많은 연구 결과의 통계적 유의성이 약하다.^[86][87][88]
• 많은 경우 연구 결과가 재현되지 않으며, 일부 연구에서는 상반된 결과가 보고되기도 한다.^{[89][90][91][97][92]}
• 손가락 비율과 특성 간의 명확한 인과 관계가 없다.^[93][87][8]

9. 다른 동물에서의 2D:4D 비율

데니스 맥패든(Dennis McFadden)과 연구진들은 고릴라, 침팬지 등 여러 유인원에서 뒷다리 손가락 비율의 성적 이형성을 입증했다.^[2][300] 엠마 넬슨(Emma Nelson)과 수잔 슐츠(Susanne Shultz)는 2D:4D가 영장류의 짝짓기 전략과 인간 사회성의 진화와 어떤 관련이 있는지 연구하고 있다.^[102][301]

낸시 벌리(Nancy Burley)의 연구 그룹은 얼룩무늬 핀치에서 성적 이형성을 입증했으며, 암컷의 손가락 비율과 수컷의 성적으로 선택된 형질에 대한 선호도 간의 상관관계를 발견했다.^[103][302] 꿩에서는 발의 두 번째 손가락과 네 번째 손가락의 비율이 알 속의 테스토스테론 조작에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.^[106][262]

알제베타 탈라로비초바(Alžbeta Talarovičová)와 연구진은 쥐를 대상으로 한 연구에서 출생 전 기간 동안의 높은 테스토스테론 수치가 4D 길이, 2D:4D 비율 및 개방된 공간에서의 운동 활동에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 발견했다.^[104][303] 피터 L. 허드(Peter L. Hurd), 시어도어 갈랜드 주니어(Theodore Garland Jr.)와 그의 제자들은 자발적인 휠-러닝 행동이 높은 수준으로 선택적으로 사육된 쥐의 뒷다리 2D:4D를 조사했다(실험적 진화 참조). 이 러너 쥐들은 인간의 손가락 비율과 신체적 적합성 간의 상관관계와는 반대로 2D:4D가 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 이는 2D:4D가 쥐에서 출생 전 안드로겐 노출에 대한 명확한 대리 지표가 아닐 수 있음을 시사한다. 저자들은 2D:4D가 다양한 유전자를 조절하는 글루코코르티코이드 또는 기타 요인의 영향을 더 정확하게 반영할 수 있다고 제안한다.^[105][304]

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_[77] 논문 The ratio of second to fourth digit lengths: a marker of impaired fetal growth? 2002-06
_[78] 논문 Understanding COVID-19: Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sex differences in national case fatality rates 2020-07
_[79] 논문 No credible evidence for links between 2D:4D and COVID-19 outcomes: A probabilistic perspective on digit ratio, ACE variants, and national case fatalities 2021-01
_[80] 논문 (Mis-)understanding COVID-19 and digit ratio: Methodological and statistical issues in Manning and Fink (2020) 2020-09
_[81] 논문 HOX gene links limb, genital defects 1997-03
_[82] 논문 Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand
_[83] 논문 The effects of hand preference and sex on right-left asymmetry in dorsal digit lengths among adults and children 2021-02
_[84] 논문 A comparison of measurement methods and sexual dimorphism for digit ratio (2D:4D) in Han ethnicity 2014-02
_[85] 논문 Radiographic assessment of the index to ring finger ratio (2D:4D) in adults 2008-01
_[86] 논문 Which Data to Meta-Analyze, and How? Hogrefe Publishing Group
_[87] 논문 No credible evidence for links between 2D:4D and COVID-19 outcomes: A probabilistic perspective on digit ratio, ACE variants, and national case fatalities Elsevier BV 2021-01
_[88] 논문 Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sex-role orientation: Further evidence and meta-analysis Elsevier BV 2011-09
_[89] 논문 Null Effects of Game Violence, Game Difficulty, and 2D:4D Digit Ratio on Aggressive Behavior SAGE Publications 2019-04
_[90] 논문 Talk to the hand. Scientists try to debunk idea that finger length can reveal personality and health https://www.science.[...]
_[91] 논문 A variant in LIN28B is associated with 2D:4D finger-length ratio, a putative retrospective biomarker of prenatal testosterone exposure 2010-04
_[92] 논문 Revisiting the Criminological Consequences of Exposure to Fetal Testosterone: A Meta-Analysis of the 2D:4D Digit Ratio Wiley 2016-09-22
_[93] 논문 Facing off with the phalangeal phenomenon and editorial policies: A commentary on Swift-Gallant, Johnson, Di Rita and Breedlove (2020) Elsevier BV 2020-04
_[94] 논문 Talk to the hand. Scientists try to debunk idea that finger length can reveal personality and health https://www.science.[...]
_[95] 논문 A comprehensive allometric analysis of 2nd digit length to 4th digit length in humans 2017-06
_[96] 논문 Adult digit ratio (2D:4D) is not related to umbilical cord androgen or estrogen concentrations, their ratios or net bioactivity https://research-rep[...] Elsevier BV 2015-02
_[97] 논문 Interpreting digit ratio (2D:4D)-behavior correlations: 2D:4D sex difference, stability, and behavioral correlates and their replicability in young children Elsevier BV 2016-02
_[98] 논문 Digit ratio (2D:4D) and Cattell's personality traits SAGE Publications 2008-06
_[99] 논문 Does digit ratio (2D:4D) predict penile length? Medknow 2011-09
_[100] 웹사이트 Faculty Spotlight: James M. Smoliga https://medicine.tuf[...] 2023-12-25
_[101] 논문 The Big Finger Trumps the Lucky Jim Fallacy https://www.bmj.com/[...] 2023-06-11
_[102] 서적 Lucy to Language: The Benchmark Papers OUP Oxford
_[103] 논문 An eye for detail: selective sexual imprinting in zebra finches 2006-05
_[104] 논문 Testosterone enhancement during pregnancy influences the 2D:4D ratio and open field motor activity of rat siblings in adulthood 2009-01
_[105] 논문 Selective breeding for a behavioral trait changes digit ratio 2008-09
_[106] 논문 Examination marks of male university students positively correlate with finger length ratios (2D:4D) 2006-02
_[107] 서적 Digit Ratio: A Pointer to Fertility, Behavior, and Health https://books.google[...] Rutgers University Press 2002-01-01
_[108] 논문 Stay or stray? Evidence for alternative mating strategy phenotypes in both men and women 2015-02-04
_[109] 논문 Human 2D (index) and 4D (ring) digit lengths: their variation and relationships during the menstrual cycle
_[110] 논문 Sexual Dimorphism in Digit Ratios Derived from Dorsal Digit Length among Adults and Children 2017-03-06
_[111] 논문 Second to fourth digit ratios, male genital development and reproductive health: A clinical study among fertile men and testis cancer patients: Finger ratios and male reproductive health 2011-08
_[112] 논문 Differential placing of flexion creases contributes to sex differences in the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) 2019-08-02
_[113] 논문 Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios http://www.pnas.org/[...] 2011-09-27
_[114] 논문 Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: New data and a meta-analytic review http://linkinghub.el[...] 2007-01-01
_[115] 논문 Masculinized Finger Length Patterns in Human Males and Females with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia https://doi.org/10.1[...]
_[116] 논문 In-utero androgen exposure and 2nd to 4th digit length ratio--comparisons between healthy controls and females with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia https://doi.org/10.1[...] 2003-05-01
_[117] 논문 The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency https://doi.org/10.1[...]
_[118] 논문 New studies of second and fourth digit ratio as a morphogenetic trait in subjects with congenital adrenal hyperplasia http://onlinelibrary[...] 2014-07-01
_[119] 논문 Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Klinefelter's syndrome http://onlinelibrary[...] 2013-01-01
_[120] 논문 Digit ratio (2D:4D) in newborns: Influences of prenatal testosterone and maternal environment https://doi.org/10.1[...]
_[121] 논문 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol http://linkinghub.el[...]
_[122] 논문 Human 2D (index) and 4D (ring) digit lengths: their variation and relationships during the menstrual cycle http://onlinelibrary[...] 2007-11-01
_[123] 논문 Fetal development of the hand, digits and digit ratio (2D:4D) https://doi.org/10.1[...]
_[124] 논문 Anogenital Distance or Digit Length Ratio as Measures of Fetal Androgen Exposure: Relationship to Male Reproductive Development and Its Disorders https://academic.oup[...] 2013-06-01
_[125] 논문 Relative Finger Lengths, Sex Differences, and Psychological Traits 2009-04
_[126] 논문 Comparative study of digit ratios (2D:4D and Other) and novel measures of relative finger length: Testing magnitude and consistency of sex differences across samples 2009-02
_[127] 논문 Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand 2010-09
_[128] 논문 Effect of prenatal testosterone administration on palmar dermatoglyphic intercore ridge counts of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) 1994-07
_[129] 논문 Early-to-Mid Gestation Fetal Testosterone Increases Right Hand 2D∶4D Finger Length Ratio in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Monkeys 2012-08-22
_[130] 논문 Phenotypic integration mediated by hormones: Associations among digit ratios, body size and testosterone during tadpole development 2017-12
_[131] 논문 Localization of sex steroid receptors in human skin 2004-04
_[132] 논문 Einige Bemerkungen über einen Schwankenden Charakter in den Hand des Menschen[Some remarks about a varying character in the hand of humans]
_[133] 논문 Anthropological notes on the human hand
_[134] 논문 Human finger types
_[135] 논문 Finger-length as an index of assertiveness in women
_[136] 논문 Fingers to feminism: The rise of 2D:4D
_[137] 논문 Finger-length as an index of assertiveness in women
_[138] 논문 The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen
_[139] 논문 Differences in the 2nd to 4th digit length ratio in humans reflect shifts along the common allometric line 2009-10
_[140] 논문 Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios
_[141] 논문 Early prenatal attainment of adult metacarpal-phalangeal rankings and proportions
_[142] 논문 Finger-length ratios show evidence of prenatal hormone-transfer between opposite-sex twins
_[143] 논문 Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: New data and a meta-analytic review
_[144] 논문 The Big Finger: the second to fourth digit ratio is a predictor of sporting ability in women 2006-12
_[145] 논문 Genetic and environmental influences on 2d:4d finger length ratios: a study of monozygotic and dizygotic male and female twins
_[146] 논문 Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: New data and a meta-analytic review
_[147] 논문 Masculinized finger length patterns in human males and females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia https://www.msu.edu/[...] 2002-12
_[148] 논문 The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency 2002-12
_[149] 논문 High fetal testosterone and sexually dimorphic cerebral networks in females http://cercor.oxford[...]
_[150] 서적 Sex and sexuality, Volume 1 https://books.google[...] Greenwood Publishing Group
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_[152] 논문 The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency 2002-12
_[153] 논문 Amniotic fluid concentrations of delta5 and delta4 steroids in fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
_[154] 논문 Prenatal dexamethasone treatment in pregnancies at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Effect on midgestational amniotic fluid steroid levels
_[155] 논문 Profiling steroid hormones in amniotic fluid of midpregnancy by routine stable isotope dilution/gas chromatography mass spectrometry: Reference values and concentrations in fetuses at risk for 21-hydroxylase deficiency
_[156] 논문 Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Klinefelter's syndrome
_[157] 논문 Stability of proposed biomarkers of prenatal androgen exposure over the menstrual cycle.
_[158] 논문 The second to fourth digit ratio and variation in the androgen receptor gene
_[159] 논문 Re-examining the Manning hypothesis: androgen receptor polymorphism and the 2D:4D ratio
_[160] 논문 Part of the interindividual variation in serum testosterone levels in healthy men reflects differences in androgen sensitivity and feedback set point: contribution of the androgen receptor polyglutamine tract polymorphism
_[161] 논문 Fingers as a Marker of Prenatal Androgen Exposure 2009-11
_[162] 논문 Fetal development of the hand, digits and digit ratio (2D:4D)
_[163] 논문 Sexual Dimorphism in the Prenatal Digit Ratio (2D:4D)
_[164] 논문 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol 2004-04
_[165] 논문 2nd To 4th Digit Ratios, Fetal Testosterone and Estradiol
_[166] 논문 Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratio
_[167] 논문 The use of digit ratios as markers for perinatal androgen action
_[168] 논문 HOX gene links limb, genital defects 1997-03
_[169] 논문 Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand
_[170] 논문 A Comparison of Measurement Methods and Sexual Dimorphism for Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in Han Ethnicity 2014-02
_[171] 논문 Sexual Dimorphism in the Prenatal Digit Ratio (2D:4D) 2010-02
_[172] 논문 Radiographic assessment of the index to ring finger ratio (2D:4D) in adults 2007-11-13
_[173] 논문 Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios http://www.pnas.org/[...] 2011-09-27
_[174] 논문 Finger length ratio (2D:4D) correlates with physical aggression in men but not in women 2005-03
_[175] 논문 Self-confidence, Overconfidence and Prenatal Testosterone Exposure: Evidence from the Lab https://www.frontier[...] 2018
_[176] 논문 The Second to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in a Japanese Twin Sample: Heritability, Prenatal Hormone Transfer, and Association with Sexual Orientation https://doi.org/10.1[...] 2012-06-01
_[177] 논문 日本人若者における示指環指比(Digit Ratio(2D:4D))と体格指数(BMI)との関連性について https://doi.org/10.2[...] 大阪物療大学 2014
_[178] 논문 자폐증 스펙트럼 지수・셀프 모니터링 척도・제4지 대한 제2지(2D:4D)비의 상관 분석 {{!}} 문헌 정보 {{!}} J-GLOBAL 과학 기술 종합 링크 센터 https://jglobal.jst.[...] 2012
_[179] 논문 자폐증아에 있어서의 제2지, 제4지장비에 관한 검토 https://doi.org/10.1[...] 2005-09-01
_[180] 논문 The 2nd:4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences, and reproductive success. evidence for sexually antagonistic genes? 2000-05
_[181] 논문 Sex and ethnic differences in 2nd to 4th digit ratio of children 2004-11
_[182] 논문 Finger-length ratios and sexual orientation http://www.nature.co[...] 2000-03-30
_[183] 웹사이트 STUDY ON THE DIGIT RATIO OF HUI AND HAN ETHNIC GROUPS IN NINGXIA--《Acta Anatomica Sinica》2008年02期 http://en.cnki.com.c[...] 2016-11-07
_[184] 논문 The effects of sex, ethnicity, and sexual orientation on self-measured digit ratio (2D:4D) 2007-04-01
_[185] 논문 Population Differences in Finger-Length Ratios: Ethnicity or Latitude? https://link.springe[...] 2006-05-11
_[186] 논문 The digit ratio (2D:4D) in China: A meta-analysis http://onlinelibrary[...] 2015-05-06
_[187] 논문 Inbreeding is associated with lower 2D: 4D digit ratio http://onlinelibrary[...]
_[188] 논문 Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs https://doi.org/10.1[...] 2009-01-01
_[189] 논문 Relationship Between Second to Fourth Digit Ratios and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Aging Men 2015-05-01
_[190] 논문 The 2nd:4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences, and reproductive success: evidence for sexually antagonistic genes? http://www.sciencedi[...] 2000-05-01
_[191] 논문 Low index-to-ring finger length ratio in sporadic ALS supports prenatally defined motor neuronal vulnerability https://www.ncbi.nlm[...] 2011-06
_[192] 논문 Severity of Premenstrual Symptoms Predicted by Second to Fourth Digit Ratio https://www.ncbi.nlm[...] 2017
_[193] 논문 Individual differences in women's facial preferences as a function of digit ratio and mental rotation ability https://doi.org/10.1[...] 2005-11
_[194] 논문 Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of adult penile length https://www.ncbi.nlm[...] 2011-09
_[195] 논문 The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen 1998-11
_[196] 논문 The ratio of second to fourth digit length and age at first myocardial infarction in men: a link with testosterone?
_[197] 논문 The 2nd-4th digit ratio (2D:4D) and neck circumference: implications for risk factors in coronary heart disease 2006-04
_[198] 뉴스 Index finger length prostate cancer clue http://www.bbc.co.uk[...] 2010-12-01
_[199] 간행물 The ratio of second to fourth digit lengths: a marker of impaired fetal growth?
_[200] 논문 Digit ratio (2D:4D)as an indicator of body size, testosterone concentration and number of children in human males
_[201] 논문 Differences in body fat distribution in women depending on the second to fourth digit ratio value https://doi.org/10.1[...] 2019-06-24
_[202] 논문 Association between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and body fat distribution in Mordovian students https://doi.org/10.1[...] 2018-07-04
_[203] 간행물 Sexually dimorphic human body fat distribution and second-to-fourth digit ratio https://dergipark.or[...]
_[204] 논문 Prenatal exposure to oestrogens estimated by digit ratio (2d/4d) and breast size in young nulliparous women https://doi.org/10.1[...] 2019-12-13
_[205] 논문 Physiological evidence of hypermasculinization in boys with the inattentive subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
_[206] 논문 Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and digit ratios in a college sample
_[207] 논문 Masculinized Finger-Length Ratios of Boys, but Not Girls, Are Associated With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
_[208] 논문 Conscientiousness as a mediator of the association between masculinized finger-length ratios and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
_[209] 논문 The 2nd to 4th digit ratio and autism 2001-03
_[210] 논문 Genes and pathways regulated by androgens in human neural cells, potential candidates for the male excess in autism spectrum disorders https://doi.org/10.1[...]
_[211] 논문 Digit ratio (2D:4D) and psychopathic traits moderate the effect of exogenous testosterone on socio-cognitive processes in men 2015-12-01
_[212] 논문 Low Digit Ratio 2D∶4D in Alcohol Dependent Patients https://doi.org/10.1[...] 2011-04-25
_[213] 논문 Low digit ratio (2D:4D) and late pubertal onset indicate prenatal hyperandrogenziation in alcohol binge drinking https://doi.org/10.1[...]
_[214] 논문 Depression in men is associated with more feminine finger length ratios
_[215] 논문 Digit length pattern in schizophrenia suggests disturbed prenatal hemispheric lateralization 2004-01
_[216] 논문 An Investigation into the Relationship between Digit Length Ratio and Psychopathy https://lhu.academia[...] 2010-05
_[217] 논문 Low Digit Ratio 2D∶4D in Alcohol Dependent Patients 2011-04
_[218] 논문 J. Kornhuber, EM Zenses, B Lenz, C Stoessel, P Bouna-Pyrrou, F Rehbein, S Kliem, T Mößle (2013): Low digit ratio 2D:4D associated with video game addiction. PLoS ONE 2013; Vol. 8, Nr. 11: e79539 http://www.plosone.o[...]
_[219] 논문 Anxiety, Sex-linked Behavior, and Digit Ratios
_[220] 논문 The 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) and eating disorder diagnosis in women 2011-09-01
_[221] 논문 The 2 to 4 digit ratio (2D:4D) and eating disorder diagnosis in women 2011-09-01
_[222] 논문 Digit ratio, nicotine and alcohol intake and national rates of smoking and alcohol consumption https://linkinghub.e[...] 2011-02
_[223] 논문 Soccer players awarded one or more red cards exhibit lower 2D:4D ratios http://onlinelibrary[...] 2015-12-01
_[224] 논문 Second to fourth digit ratio and the sporting success of sumo wrestlers https://linkinghub.e[...] 2012-03
_[225] 논문 Digit ratio (2D:4D) and muscular strength in adolescent boys https://linkinghub.e[...] 2017-10
_[226] 논문 Second to fourth digit ratio and male ability in sport: implications for sexual selection in humans 2001-01
_[227] 논문 Second-to-fourth digit ratio predicts success among high-frequency financial traders 2009-01
_[228] 논문 Second to fourth digit ratio and hand skill in Austrian children http://evolution.ant[...] 2004-11
_[229] 논문 Psychosexual Characteristics of Men and Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol https://www.cdc.gov/[...]
_[230] 논문 Ratio or Length? A Proposed Methodology for Understanding Digit Ratio and Personality Using a Female Sample
_[231] 논문 Digit length ratios predict reactive aggression in women, but not in men 2004-12
_[232] 논문 Association between a marker for prenatal testosterone exposure and externalizing behavior problems in children 2012-08-01
_[233] 논문 Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and dominance in the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania 2015-10-01
_[234] 논문 Second to fourth digit ratio confirms aggressive tendencies in patients with boxers fractures 2013-11-01
_[235] 논문 Utilization of Second Digit to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) as One of Physical Markers to Evaluate Aggression in Elementary School Students https://doi.org/10.1[...] 2017-12-01
_[236] 논문 Sex differences in 2D: 4D ratio, aggression and conflict resolution in African children and adolescents: a cross‐cultural study http://www.emeraldin[...] 2010-01-29
_[237] 논문 Second to fourth finger ratio and possible precursors of developmental psychopathology in preschool children http://www.sciencedi[...]
_[238] 논문 Do differences in sex hormones affect handwriting style? Evidence from digit ratio and sex role identity as determinants of the sex of handwriting 2005-07
_[239] 논문 Second to fourth digit ratio, testosterone and perceived male dominance 2003-10
_[240] 논문 2D:4D and sexually dimorphic facial characteristics 2007-06
_[241] 논문 Second to fourth digit ratio in elite musicians Evidence for musical ability as an honest signal of male fitness 2000-01
_[242] 논문 2D:4D Asymmetry and Gender Differences in Academic Performance http://www.plosone.o[...] 2014-09-20
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_[244] 논문 Finger length ratio (2D:4D) and sex differences in aggression during a simulated war game http://www.sciencedi[...] 2007-03-01
_[245] 논문 Testosterone and domain-specific risk: Digit ratios (2D:4D and rel2) as predictors of recreational, financial, and social risk-taking behaviors http://www.sciencedi[...] 2011-09-01
_[246] 논문 Efectos organizacionales y activacionales de la testosterona sobre la asunción de riesgos en conductas económicas: una revisión sistemática https://doi.org/10.1[...]
_[247] 논문 Second to fourth digit ratio and cooperative behavior http://www.sciencedi[...] 2006-01-01
_[248] 논문 Art as an Indicator of Male Fitness: Does Prenatal Testosterone Influence Artistic Ability? http://evp.sagepub.c[...] 2014-07-01
_[249] 논문 Digit ratio as an indicator of numeracy relative to literacy in 7-year-old British schoolchildren http://onlinelibrary[...] 2008-02-01
_[250] 논문 Fetal Testosterone and Criminality: Test of Evolutionary Neuroandrogenic Theory http://onlinelibrary[...] 2015-02-01
_[251] 논문 Criminality and the 2D:4D Ratio: Testing the Prenatal Androgen Hypothesis https://www.research[...] 2015-01-01
_[252] 논문 The association between 2D:4D ratio and cognitive empathy is contingent on a common polymorphism in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR rs53576) https://www.research[...] 2015-04-16
_[253] 논문 Digit ratio (2D:4D) and behavioral symptoms in primary-school aged boys https://doi.org/10.1[...]
_[254] 논문 Men with more masculine digit ratios are partnered with more attractive women https://linkinghub.e[...] 2018-04
_[255] 논문 Feminist activist women are masculinized in terms of digit-ratio and social dominance: a possible explanation for the feminist paradox https://www.ncbi.nlm[...] 2014
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_[257] 논문 A preliminary investigation of the associations between personality, cognitive ability and digit ratio 2002-11
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_[259] 논문 Second-to-fourth digit ratio related to Verbal and Numerical Intelligence and the Big Five 2005-10
_[260] 논문 Effect of Prenatal Androgen on Adult Personality: Greater Openness with More Female-Typical 2D:4D Digit Ratios https://link.springe[...] 2013-04-23
_[261] 논문 Who wants to believe? Associations between digit ratio (2D:4D) and paranormal and superstitious beliefs 2009-07
_[262] 논문 Examination marks of male university students positively correlate with finger length ratios (2D:4D) https://www.ncbi.nlm[...] 2006-02
_[263] 논문 Digit ratio as an indicator of numeracy relative to literacy in 7-year-old British schoolchildren 2008-02
_[264] 논문 Second to fourth digit ratio and the ‘big five’ personality factors https://www.research[...]
_[265] 논문 Relationships among Musical Aptitude, Digit Ratio and Testosterone in Men and Women 2013-03-08
_[266] 서적 Digit Ratio: A Pointer To Fertility, Behavior And Health Rutger University Press
_[267] 논문 Picture recall skills correlate with 2D:4D ratio in women but not men http://www.sciencedi[...] 2004-05-01
_[268] 논문 Effects of adrenal androgens during the prenatal period on the second to fourth digit ratio in school-aged children https://www.ncbi.nlm[...] 2016-09
_[269] 논문 2D:4D values are associated with mathematics performance in business and economics students http://www.sciencedi[...]
_[270] 간행물 The Right Sensory Mix: Targeting Consumer Product Development Scientifically Springer 2010
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_[272] 논문 Sex role identity related to the ratio of second to fourth digit length in women 2003-02
_[273] 논문 Digit ratios, childhood gender role behavior, and erotic role preferences of gay men 2003-12
_[274] 논문 Finger-length ratios and sexual orientation http://msu.edu/~bree[...] 2000-03
_[275] 논문 Written on the body: [[butch and femme|butch vs. femme]] lesbian gender identity and biological correlates of low digit ratio Rutgers University
_[276] 논문 Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females 2002-12
_[277] 논문 Finger-length ratios in female monozygotic twins discordant for sexual orientation 2003-02
_[278] 논문 Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability? 2003-04
_[279] 논문 Sex hormones and finger length: What does 2D:4D indicate? http://www.anth.ucsb[...] 2004-05
_[280] 논문 Fluctuating asymmetry, second to fourth finger length ratios and human sexual orientation 2005-05
_[281] 논문 Finger length ratio (2D:4D) and dimensions of sexual orientation
_[282] 논문 2D:4D finger-length ratios in children and adults with gender identity disorder 2008-08
_[283] 논문 Sexual orientation and the second to fourth finger length ratio: a meta-analysis in men and women
_[284] 논문 The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in a Japanese twin sample: heritability, prenatal hormone transfer, and association with sexual orientation 2012-06
_[285] 논문 Differences in finger length ratios between self-identified 'butch' and 'femme' lesbians https://www.msu.edu/[...] 2002-02
_[286] 논문 The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in a Japanese twin sample: heritability, prenatal hormone transfer, and association with sexual orientation https://www.ncbi.nlm[...] 2012-06
_[287] 논문 The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and male homosexuality
_[288] 논문 The effects of sex, ethnicity, and sexual orientation on self-measured digit ratio (2D:4D)
_[289] 논문 Biological markers of asexuality: Handedness, birth order, and finger length ratios in self-identified asexual men and women.
_[290] 논문 Digit ratio (2D:4D) in homosexual and heterosexual men from Austria
_[291] 논문 Sexual Orientation and the Second to Fourth Finger Length Ratio: A Meta-Analysis in Men and Women http://www.adhdld.co[...]
_[292] 논문 Stay or stray? Evidence for alternative mating strategy phenotypes in both men and women http://rsbl.royalsoc[...] 2015-02-01
_[293] 논문 Typical female 2nd-4th finger length (2D:4D) ratios in male-to-female transsexuals-possible implications for prenatal androgen exposure 2006-02
_[294] 논문 The ratio of second to fourth digit lengths: A marker of impaired fetal growth?
_[295] 논문 Second to fourth digit ratio and face shape 2005-10
_[296] 논문 Second to fourth digit ratio and facial asymmetry 2004-03
_[297] 논문 Sexual dimorphism in Upper Palaeolithic hand stencils http://antiquity.ac.[...]
_[298] 논문 Sexual Determination of Hand Stencils at the Masri II Cave http://www.bradshawf[...]
_[299] 논문 Using the length of the 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) to sex cave art hand stencils: factors to consider http://www.waspjourn[...]
_[300] 논문 Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females 2002-12
_[301] 웹사이트 Investigating relationships between the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), social and bonding behaviours in non-human anthropoids https://sites.google[...] 2009-10-29
_[302] 논문 An Eye for Detail: Selective Sexual Imprinting in Zebra Finches 2006-05
_[303] 논문 Testosterone enhancement during pregnancy influences the 2D:4D ratio and open field motor activity of rat siblings in adulthood 2009-01
_[304] 논문 Selective Breeding for a Behavioral Trait Changes Digit Ratio
_[305] 저널 Human 2D (index) and 4D (ring) digit lengths: their variation and relationships during the menstrual cycle 2007-11
_[306] 저널 Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios http://www.pnas.org/[...] 2011-09-27
_[307] 저널 Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: New data and a meta-analytic review http://linkinghub.el[...] 2007-01-01
_[308] 서적 Digit Ratio: A Pointer to Fertility, Behavior, and Health https://books.google[...] Rutgers University Press 2002-01-01
_[309] 저널 Stay or stray? Evidence for alternative mating strategy phenotypes in both men and women 2015-02-04