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_[1] 문서 The Nikon brand name for its camera-mounted electronic flash products, ''Speedlight'', is frequently used in lowercase form (''speedlight'') as a generic term for [[hot shoe]]-mounted electronic flash devices while Canon uses the trade name ''Speedlite''.
_[2] 웹사이트 Understanding Guide Numbers https://www.bhphotov[...] B & H Foto & Electronics
_[3] 웹사이트 Understanding Flash Guide Numbers, plus GN Calculator http://www.scantips.[...]
_[4] 문서 Studio strobes in particular are often rated in [[watt second|watt⋅seconds]], which is an absolute measure of illuminating power but is not particularly useful for calculating exposure settings.
_[5] 서적 Manual of Photography https://archive.org/[...] Focal Press 2000
_[6] 문서 For example, among [[hot shoe]]-mounted flash devices, at ISO 100, 60° horizontal coverage angle (suitable for use with a 35 mm-format, full-frame lens with a 35 mm focal length), and full power, the Holga ''Holgon MF Flash'' has a guide number of 6.5 (m). Under the same conditions, both the Sony ''HVL-F58AM'' and the Metz ''mecablitz 64 AF-1 digital'' have guide numbers of 36 (m). And still under the same conditions, the side-mounted pistol grip-style Metz ''mecablitz 76 MZ-5 digital'' is rated at 45.5 (m).
_[7] 웹사이트 One notable way of expressing guide numbers scaled for use with both feet and meters (and relative to an ISO setting of 100) is as practiced by Metz mecatech GmbH, as exemplified by the data sheet for their ''mecablitz 52 AF-1 digital'' https://www.metz-mec[...]
_[8] 웹사이트 Nikon, for instance, gives ''two'' ratings when providing the technical specifications for their ''SB-910 AF Speedlight'', one of which is relative to ISO 200 http://www.nikonusa.[...]
_[9] 웹사이트 The style for expressing guide numbers throughout the metric-observing world is typified by the practices of Metz mecatecheh GmbH, as exemplified by the German-language version of their website for their ''mecablitz 76 MZ-5 digital'' https://www.metz-mec[...]
_[10] 웹사이트 One example of using the [[Prime (symbol)|single-prime]] (foot symbol) when marketing in the U.S. is as practiced by Bolt, which specifies the guide number of their ''VS 510P'' http://www.boltflash[...]
_[11] 문서 Bold typestyle is not a required convention for denoting guide numbers. Bolding is consistently used throughout this article to unambiguously distinguish the text and measures being discussed.
_[12] 문서 The dual-scale format used for many examples of guide numbers within this article (similar to the practice observed by Metz mecatech GmbH and others) is purely a matter of style. It is used here not only because it is relatively compact, but because by observing the convention of enclosing the symbols for length within parentheses, it is clear they are ''notations as to the measurement system underlying the guide numbers'' and don't misleadingly appear to be units of measure for length with their accompanying numeric magnitudes.
_[13] 웹사이트 Characterizing the Output of Photographic Flash Units http://dougkerr.net/[...] Douglas A. Kerr
_[14] 문서 Another not-uncommon marketing practice is to rate flash devices for a coverage angle suitable for use with a 35 mm-format, full-frame lens with a 35 mm focal length (a flash coverage angle of 60° horizontally).
_[15] 문서 Even with TTL, non-average scenery such as off-center subjects with distant backgrounds or scenery with elements that have non-average reflectance can confound TTL metering. However, such situations cannot confound guide number equations.
_[16] 문서 A notable exception to this generality is when a flash device at full power is used in combination with cameras equipped with leaf shutters set to very brief exposure times.
_[17] 웹사이트 Flash info http://www.flashbulb[...]
_[18] 문서 During the heyday of flashbulbs (post-WWII to the late 1960s), adjustment tolerances for the sync timing of camera shutters varied; each manufacturer had their own specifications and tolerances. Though ''definitional specifications'' could be expressed to arbitrary precision such as hundredths of a millisecond (tens of microseconds), practical manufacturing with mechanical shutters did not have such [[Accuracy and precision|accuracies and precisions]]. By the 1980s, when exceedingly few serious hobbyists or professionals were still using flashbulbs, some camera repair centers had very loose adjustment specifications for consumer-grade cameras, such as {{nowrap|15–22 ms}} for M sync, which averaged 18.5 ms. Manufacturers of professional studio cameras like [[Hasselblad]] and [[press camera]]s like [[Graflex]] had tighter sync timing tolerances during the flashbulb era because their cameras were used by demanding professionals in disciplines where there was often significant economic consequences to underexposures with flashbulbs at fast shutter speeds.
_[19] 웹사이트 The continuous-light portion of fill-flash photos http://imaging.kodak[...] Eastman Kodak Company
_[20] 간행물 Popular Photography 1957-05
_[21] 간행물 SIMPLIFIED FLASH EXPOSURE TABLES Minicam 1939
_[22] 서적 Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science Focal Press 2007
_[23] 간행물 Popular Photography 1938-04
_[24] 문서 "When Sashalite's instructions mentioned setting a shutter to its [[Bulb (photography)| setting]], the company was not referring to glass flashbulbs but to ''rubber'' bulbs. The Sashlite flashbulb was introduced at a time when the equipment typically used for professional indoor portraiture was a large-format studio [[view camera]] and a [[flash-lamp]] with [[flash powder]] in its tray. Advanced hobbyists in 1909decades before the first flashbulbscould buy portable [[folding camera]]s, made by Conley Camera Company, from Sears Roebuck for $4.75–$21.50 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|5|1909}}–${{Inflation|US|25.10|1914}} in {{CURRENTISOYEAR}}). With the exception of entry-level models, both view-type and folding cameras of this era came with a detachable pneumatic shutter release with a rubber bulb on the end, as seen at right on the $11.75 Model C. With the exception of their entry-level shutter, Conley's shutterslike the Conley Automatic (inset, far right)hada B setting. Though mechanically timed exposures too could be triggered by squeezing the shutter release bulb, bulb exposures had the same momentary action as camera shutters have today, as per this description from Sears Roebuck's 1909 ''Cameras [&] Photographic Supplies'', which devoted three pages to the features and operation of Conley's shutters:\n\nWith the indicator set to B, the shutter opens when the bulb is pressed and remains open as long as the pressure is maintained (“bulb” exposure), a very convenient means of making time exposures of only a few seconds' duration."
_[25] 문서 Known variously as ''G⋅E MAZDA Synchro-Press 5'', ''G⋅E MAZDA Mighty Midget Photoflash Lamp No. 5'', and after WWII, ''General Electric Sure•Fire Number 5.''
_[26] 문서 The original table used the common nomenclature values for the apertures; the guide numbers shown here are based on the precise aperture values from the $\{\backslash sqrt\{2\}\}^\{\backslash \; n\}$ series.
_[27] 서적 Flash in Modern Photography https://archive.org/[...] Camera Craft Publishing Co. 1941
_[28] 서적 Wall's Dictionary of Photography American Publishing Co 1944
_[29] 문서 Page 127
_[30] 서적 Newnes Photographers' Pocket Reference Book Butler & Tanner Ltd., Frome and London 1955
_[31] 웹사이트 Understanding Guide Numbers https://www.bhphotov[...] B & H Foto & Electronics