계관시인

3. 역사

고대 그리스 신화에서 월계관은 아폴론 신에게 신성한 상징이었고, 월계수 잎으로 만든 화환은 시인이나 영웅들에게 영광의 상징이었다.^[10] 이러한 전통은 널리 퍼져 후대에도 이어졌다.

14세기 초, 《에케리니스》를 저술한 알베르티노 무사토(1261년 ~ 1329년)는 옛 방식을 본받아 계관시인이 되었다.^[10] 1341년에는 페트라르카가 로마 원로원으로부터 계관시인 칭호를 받았다.^[11]

3. 1. 고대와 중세

3. 2. 르네상스 시대

4. 서구권의 계관시인

서구권에서는 전통적으로 국가나 군주를 대표하는 시인에게 계관시인이라는 칭호를 부여했다.

영국에서는 왕실이 계관시인에게 칭호를 주고 왕가의 경조사 때 시를 읽게 했다. 왕실 연금을 받은 최초의 계관시인은 벤 존슨이며, 지위가 계승된 것을 기준으로 하면 존 드라이든이 최초이다.^[1] 제프리 초서는 엄밀한 의미의 계관시인은 아니지만, 영국 왕가에서 그와 동등한 지위에 있었다.^[1]

미국에서는 미국 의회 도서관이 1937년부터 미국 의회 도서관 시문학 자문관을 임명했으며, 1985년 의회법에 따라 ''미국 의회 도서관 시문학 자문관''으로 명칭이 변경되었다. 미국의 계관시인은 도서관에서 진행되는 시 낭송 및 강연을 감독하고 시를 홍보하는 책임을 맡으며, 정부 행사나 정부 관리를 칭찬하는 글을 쓸 필요는 없다.^[363] 미국의 계관시인으로는 아다 리몬, 조이 할포, 트레이시 K. 스미스, 후안 펠리페 에레라 등이 있다. 아만다 고먼은 2017년에 임명된 미국의 첫 국가 청소년 계관시인이었다.^[364]

캐나다에서는 캐나다 의회 시인이 국회 도서관의 임명직으로, 영어 사용 시인과 프랑스어 사용 시인이 번갈아 가며 맡는다. 후보자는 영어와 프랑스어 모두로 글을 쓸 수 있어야 하며, 캐나다를 반영하는 문학 작품을 포함하여 문학적 우수성을 보여주는 상당한 출판 이력을 가지고 있어야 한다.

4. 1. 영국

• 제프리 초서 - 엄밀한 의미의 계관시인은 아니지만, 영국 왕가에서 그와 동등한 지위에 있었다.^[1]
• John Skelton|존 스켈턴^영어
• 에드먼드 스펜서

• Samuel Daniel|사무엘 다니엘^영어 (1599년 - 1616년) - 1619년 사망.
• 벤 존슨 (1616년 - 1637년)
• William Davenant|윌리엄 데이베넌트^영어 (1637년 - 1668년)
• 존 드라이든 (1670년 - 1689년) - 생전에 계관 시인 자리에서 물러남 (1700년 사망).
• Thomas Shadwell|토머스 섀드웰^영어 (1689년 - 1692년)
• 네이험 테이트 (1692년 - 1715년)
• 니콜라스 로 (1715년 - 1718년)
• 로렌스 유스던 (1718년 - 1730년)
• 콜리 시버 (1730년 - 1757년)
• 윌리엄 화이트헤드 (1757년 - 1785년)
• Thomas Warton|토머스 워턴^영어 (1785년 - 1790년)
• 헨리 제임스 파이 (1790년 - 1813년)
• 로버트 사우디 (1813년 - 1843년)
• 윌리엄 워즈워스 (1843년 - 1850년)
• 초대 테니슨 남작 알프레드 테니슨 (1850년 - 1892년)
• 알프레드 오스틴 (1892년 - 1913년)
• 로버트 브리지스 (1913년 - 1930년)
• 존 메이스필드 (1930년 - 1967년)
• 세실 데이 루이스 (1967년 - 1972년)
• 존 베체먼 (1972년 - 1984년)
• 테드 휴즈 (1984년 - 1999년)
• 앤드루 모션 (1999년 - 2009년) - 10년 동안만^[1]
• Carol Ann Duffy|캐롤 앤 더피^영어 (2009년 - 2019년) - 사상 최초의 여성, 그리고 스코틀랜드 출신 계관 시인.^[1]
• 사이먼 아미티지 (2019년 - )

4. 2. 미국

4. 3. 캐나다

5. 비서구권의 계관시인

고대 그리스에서는 월계수가 시인과 영웅에게 명예의 화관을 만들 때 사용되었다. 이 관습은 다프네와 아폴론 신화에서 유래되었으며, 파도바에서 알베르티노 무사토를 위해 부활했고,^[10] 1341년 4월 8일 캄피돌리오에 있는 중세 원로원 팔라초의 청중 홀에서 페트라르카의 대관식으로 이어졌다.^[11]

"계관 시인"이라는 용어는 탁월함 또는 최상의 업적에 대한 인정을 의미하게 되었다. 수사학의 왕립 학위인 ''계관 시인''은 중세 유럽 대학교에서 수여되었다. 이 용어는 수사학, 문법 및 언어 능력을 인정받은 학위 소지자를 지칭할 수 있다.

일본에서 계관 시인(''keikanshijin'')은 황제가 임명했으며, 종종 연례 우타카이 하지메에서 낭독하도록 요청받았다.^{[17][18][19][20]} 아프리카의 콩고 민주 공화국(구 벨기에령 콩고) 쿠바 왕국과 같은 왕국은 왕실 역사학자이자 계관 시인 역할을 하는 음유 시인을 임명했다.^[21] 음유 시인들은 족장을 숭배하는 특별한 기능 때문에 "찬가 시인"이라고도 불렸다.^[22]

코사어에서 ''임봉기 예시즈웨테''는 "계관 시인" 또는 "국가 시인"을 의미하도록 번역될 수 있다.^[23][24] 일부 시인들은 출처에 따라 "계관 시인"과 "국가 시인"으로 이중으로 언급되었다. 카지 나즈룰 이슬람(방글라데시),^[25] 라빈드라나트 타고르(인도),^[26] 호세 크라베이리냐(모잠비크),^[27] 마흐무드 다르위쉬(팔레스타인),^[28][29] 모하메드 이브라힘 와르사메 '하드라위'(소말리아),^[30] 에드윈 툼부(싱가포르)^[31] 그리고 타라스 셰우첸코(우크라이나)^[32] 등이 대표적이다. 샴수르 라흐만 (시인)(방글라데시),^[33] 토마스 무어(버뮤다),^[34] 프란시스코 보르자 다 코스타(동티모르)^[35] 그리고 하지 고라 하지(잔지바르)^[36]와 같은 다른 인물들은 시적 작품으로 인해 "비공식 계관 시인" 지위를 부여받았다.

현대에는 10개 이상의 국가 정부가 계관 시인 전통을 이어가고 있다. 오스트레일리아의 새로운 문화 정책인 '리바이브(Revive)' 출범식에서 앤서니 앨버니지 총리는 "오스트레일리아 계관시인 임명"을 발표했다.^[366]

5. 1. 아시아

5. 2. 아프리카

6. 같이 보기

• 영문학
• 영국 문학
• 미국 문학
• 캐나다 문학
• 뉴질랜드 문학

참조

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_[103] 서적 New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society https://books.google[...] Taylor & Francis 2011-03-03
_[104] 서적 State and Government in Ancient India https://books.google[...] Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 2002-04
_[105] 서적 Ancient India https://books.google[...] S. Chand Publishing 2022-01-03
_[106] 서적 Ancient Indian Literature: Classical Sanskrit, Prakrit, and apabhramsa https://books.google[...] Sahitya Akademi 2000
_[107] 서적 Ancient Indian History and Civilization https://books.google[...] New Age International 1999
_[108] 서적 Kamath 2001
_[109] 서적 Sastri 1955
_[110] 서적 Tribal Roots of Hinduism https://books.google[...] Sarup & Sons 2002
_[111] 서적 Haywood 1995
_[112] 서적 Historical Dictionary of India https://books.google[...] Scarecrow Press 2006-05-09
_[113] 웹사이트 Taleb Amoli https://iranicaonlin[...] 2024-09-23
_[114] 서적 Paṇḍitarāja Jagannātha, the Renowned Sanskrit Poet of Medieval India https://books.google[...] Mittal Publications 1994
_[115] 웹사이트 In the lanes of Zauq and Ghalib - Express India http://www.expressin[...] 2012-01-21
_[116] 웹사이트 Ghalib's Delhi http://ftp.columbia.[...] 1972
_[117] 서적 Land and people of Indian states and union territories : (in 36 volumes) Kaplaz Publishers 2006
_[118] 서적 Narasimhacharya 1988
_[119] 서적 Shastri 1955
_[120] 서적 Kamath 2001
_[121] 서적 Journal of South Asian Literature https://books.google[...] Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. 1972
_[122] 뉴스 Poet laureate https://trove.nla.go[...] 1950-11-22
_[123] 서적 Jagtik kirtiche 126 sahityik Manorama 2009
_[124] 웹사이트 Century-old library lost in time https://www.thehansi[...] 2017-03-23
_[125] 서적 Inter-ocean: A Netherlands East Indian Magazine Devoted to Malaysia and Australasia (Cover Title: Inter-ocean) https://books.google[...] G. Kolff & Company 1928
_[126] 서적 The Voice of Indonesia https://books.google[...] Broadcasting Service of the Ministry of Information of the Republic of Indonesia 1957
_[127] 서적 Atma nan Jaya: majalah ilmiah Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya https://books.google[...] Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya 1991
_[128] 서적 Writing the Past, Inscribing the Future: History as Prophesy in Colonial Java https://books.google[...] Duke University Press 1995
_[129] 서적 The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas https://books.google[...] McFarland 2015-05-07
_[130] 서적 The Heritage of Sufism: Late Classical Persianate Sufism (1501-1750) v. 3 https://books.google[...] Simon and Schuster 2018-04-30
_[131] 서적 The Emperor Who Never Was: Dara Shukoh in Mughal India https://books.google[...] Harvard University Press 2020-01-07
_[132] 서적 Shahnama: The Visual Language of the Persian Book of Kings https://books.google[...] Routledge 2017-07-05
_[133] 서적 Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo https://books.google[...] Sahitya Akademi 1987
_[134] 서적 The A to Z of Islam https://books.google[...] Scarecrow Press 2009
_[135] 서적 The Persian Manuscripts https://books.google[...] Verlag nicht ermittelbar 1889
_[136] 서적 Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 https://books.google[...] The Moshe Dayan Center 1960
_[137] 웹사이트 Writer Avigdor Hameiri Dies https://israeled.org[...] 2024-04-03
_[138] 웹사이트 Requiem for a Storm https://prospect.org[...] 2018-02-05
_[139] 서적 Musicworks https://books.google[...] Music Gallery. 2006
_[140] 서적 The Open Court https://books.google[...] Open Court Publishing Company 1912
_[141] 웹사이트 Japan's Poet Laureate https://books.google[...] 1909
_[142] 웹사이트 行動する詩人{{pipe}}池田大作先生の足跡{{pipe}}創価学会公式サイト https://www.sokagakk[...] 2024-10-23
_[143] 웹사이트 عر الأردن "الوزير" يغادر الكثبان وينعى "الجزيرة السعيدة": "نعال الكاوبوي تصفع الجعفي.. والسعف والسيف" https://www.alquds.c[...] 2020-08
_[144] 웹사이트 شاعر البلاط والضفّتين : وصفي التل لو عاد لصاح أعيدوني للكفن والقبر https://www.alhashmi[...] 2024-10-16
_[145] 서적 The Illusion of a Conservative Reagan Revolution https://books.google[...] Transaction Publishers 1991-01-01
_[146] 서적 Political Anthropology Yearbook https://books.google[...] Transaction Books 1980
_[147] 서적 한국 고전 문학 작가론 https://books.google[...] 소명 출판 1998
_[148] 서적 韓國古典批評論: 신라, 조선 중기 https://books.google[...] 민속원 2006
_[149] 서적 Dear Leader: Poet, Spy, Escapee--A Look Inside North Korea 37 Ink
_[150] 웹사이트 برع في كتابة القصائد الفارسية ومدح العديد من الشيوخ ورجال الدين https://www.annahark[...] 2019-05-14
_[151] 서적 Iconic Places in Central Asia: The Moral Geography of Dams, Pastures and Holy Sites https://books.google[...] transcript Verlag 2016-12-31
_[152] 간행물 Laos: Time for Poets https://time.com/arc[...] 2024-09-13
_[153] 서적 أدب الفكاهة في لبنان: دراسة وعرض https://books.google[...] Dār al-Fikr al-Lubnānī 1989
_[154] 서적 Anthropologica https://books.google[...] M. Nijhoff 2005
_[155] 웹사이트 Malaysia's first female poet laureate started writing because she was not encouraged to speak as a child https://www.thestar.[...] 2024-10-18
_[156] 서적 A Century of British Orientalists, 1902-2001 https://books.google[...] OUP/British Academy 2001-10-25
_[157] 학술지 Poetry for linguistic description: The Maldives inside and outside the Arabic cosmopolis in 1890 https://www.cambridg[...] 2022-11
_[158] 서적 An Accidental Journey: A Memoir of a Life in the Theater https://books.google[...] Archway Publishing 2023-05-25
_[159] 서적 Inner Asia https://books.google[...] White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge 1999
_[160] 서적 An Outline History of Myanmar Literature: Pagan Period to Kon-baung Period Yangon
_[161] 웹사이트 The Myanmar Poetic Account of Ayutthaya Vanquished: Notes on Its Rediscovery and Significance http://www.siamese-h[...]
_[162] 뉴스 Toungoo Period Writers http://www.ibiblio.o[...] 1987-11
_[163] 서적 The Canon in Southeast Asian Literature: Literatures of Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam https://books.google[...] Routledge 2013-10-08
_[164] 웹사이트 Letwe Nawrahta (1723-1791), Recorder of Myanmar History http://www.uclmyanma[...] UCL Myanmar
_[165] 문서 His specific ministerial title was ''Away-Yauk-Min'', {{langx|my|အဝေးရောက်မင်း}} {{IPA-my|əwéi jaʊʔ mí̃|}} ([http://sealang.net/burmese/ SEAlang Library Burmese Dictionary])
_[166] 서적 မြန်မာကဗျာဝေဖန်ရေးစာပေ: An Appreciation https://books.google[...] Moe Min Sarpay 1998
_[167] 서적 Nepal To-day https://books.google[...] 1965
_[168] 서적 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay https://books.google[...] Asiatic Society of Bombay 1987
_[169] 서적 Beautiful Orchids of Nepal https://books.google[...] Keshab R. Rajbhandari 2001
_[170] 서적 Oman in History https://books.google[...] Ministry of Information 1995
_[171] 서적 South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia https://books.google[...] Routledge 2020-10-28
_[172] 서적 Times of India Illustrated Weekly https://books.google[...] Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press 1983
_[173] 웹사이트 111st [sic?] Anniversary of Dr. José P. Rizal's martyrdom http://www.mb.com.ph[...] 2008-12-01
_[174] 웹사이트 A poet on a motorcycle https://lifestyle.in[...] 2024-09-12
_[175] 서적 British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: From the First to the Second World War. Series B, Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East, 1918-1939 https://books.google[...] University Publications of America 1985
_[176] 서적 Statistical Pocket Book of the Republic of Sri Lanka (Ceylon). https://books.google[...] Department of Census and Statistics 1974
_[177] 서적 Syria https://books.google[...] Bradt Travel Guides 2010
_[178] 서적 Syrian Ismailism: The Ever Living Line of the Imamate, A.D. 1100--1260 https://books.google[...] Routledge 2018-10-24
_[179] 서적 Ismaili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources and Studies https://books.google[...] Bloomsbury Publishing 2005-03-23
_[180] 웹사이트 Taiwan's Poet Laureate https://artistsday.n[...]
_[181] 웹사이트 第687篇：《詩林》 http://www.kokchailu[...] 2024-10-23
_[182] 웹사이트 United Poets Laureate International {{!}} UIA Yearbook Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations https://uia.org/s/or[...] 2024-10-23
_[183] 뉴스 Taiwan-origin Tamil Scholar Gets Thiruvalluvar Award http://www.newindian[...] Express Publications 2016-08-19
_[184] 서적 Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran https://books.google[...] Abrams 2011-11-01
_[185] 서적 Thailand in Pictures https://books.google[...] Twenty-First Century Books 2003-08-01
_[186] 서적 Thailand: The Worldly Kingdom https://books.google[...] Reaktion Books 2007-05-30
_[187] 웹사이트 TRUST THROUGH UNDERSTANDING https://www.turkmeni[...] 2024-10-03
_[188] 웹사이트 Honouring the Late Poet Laureate of the UAE https://medium.com/@[...] 2020-08-12
_[189] 서적 History of Bokhara: From the Earliest Period Down to the Present https://books.google[...] H.S. King 1873
_[190] 서적 Kazakh & Kirghiz Studies Bulletin: Newsletter of the Kazakh-Kirghiz Studies Group, University of Washington https://books.google[...] Kazakh-Kirghiz Studies Group, University of Washington 1993
_[191] 서적 AACAR Bulletin of the Association for the Advancement of Central Asian Research https://books.google[...] The Association 1989
_[192] 서적 History and Philosophy of Caodaism https://books.google[...] Wildside Press LLC 2008-03-01
_[193] 서적 Almost Futures: Sovereignty and Refuge at World's End https://books.google[...] Univ of California Press 2024-06-11
_[194] 서적 Africa https://onlinelibrar[...] Wiley 2024-10-04
_[195] 서적 Yemen https://books.google[...] Bradt Travel Guides 2007
_[196] 웹사이트 "Weared with the sun and covered with the moon" Rudolf Marku brings the Anthology of Albanian poetry https://politiko.al/[...] 2024-09-12
_[197] 웹사이트 Luljeta Lleshanaku is declared 'Poet Laureate': Why has it been difficult to face the Albanian reader https://www.voxnews.[...] 2024-09-16
_[198] 서적 Concerto: The Story of Clara Schumann G. G. Harrap 1962
_[199] 서적 Homeland: From Clandestine Immigration to Israeli Independence Beaufort Books 2008
_[200] 서적 Jacob & Esau 2019
_[201] 웹사이트 Lost Royal Poem Found https://cdnc.ucr.edu[...] 1964-04-22
_[202] 서적 When East Met West: Sociolinguistics in the Former Socialist Bloc Walter de Gruyter 1995
_[203] 간행물 Soviet Union: Political Affairs United States Joint Publications Research Service 1988-07-07
_[204] 서적 World Wide https://books.google[...] J.R. Dougall, F.E. Dougall. 1915
_[205] 서적 The Nation https://books.google[...] Nation Publishing Company Limited 1914-10
_[206] 웹사이트 Els Moors: the new Belgian Poet Laureate {{pipe}} Flanders literature https://www.flanders[...]
_[207] 웹사이트 Meet Belgium's first Poet Laureate https://www.poetryin[...] 2020-02-06
_[208] 웹사이트 BERSONG EURO-PINOY A FESTIVAL OF EUROPEAN AND FILIPINO POETRY AIRS LIVE ON 27 MAY {{pipe}} EEAS Website https://www.eeas.eur[...]
_[209] 서적 Propaganda, War Crimes Trials and International Law: From Speakers' Corner to War Crimes https://books.google[...] Routledge 2013-03-01
_[210] 서적 Only the Nails Remain: Scenes from the Balkan Wars https://books.google[...] Rowman & Littlefield 2001-10-23
_[211] 서적 Harvard Slavic Studies https://books.google[...] Harvard University Press 1953
_[212] 서적 The South Slav Journal https://books.google[...] Dositey Obradovich Circle 1986
_[213] 서적 When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods https://books.google[...] University of Michigan Press 2010-02-05
_[214] 서적 Ipsilonski dnevnik https://books.google[...] S. Vuksić 1987
_[215] 서적 The Slavs in European History and Civilization https://books.google[...] Rutgers University Press 1962
_[216] 서적 Czech Lands, Part 1 2020
_[217] 서적 The Classical Tradition and the Americas: European images of the Americas and the classical tradition Walter de Gruyter 1994
_[218] 서적 Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook https://books.google[...] Walter de Gruyter 2011-09-08
_[219] 웹사이트 A Danish Star https://cdnc.ucr.edu[...] 1897-07-31
_[220] 서적 Unforced Flourishing: Understanding Jaan Kaplinski McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP 2014
_[221] 서적 Folklore on Two Continents: Essays in Honor of Linda Dégh https://books.google[...] Trickster Press 1980
_[222] 서적 Latin for the New Millennium: Level 3: Student text https://books.google[...] Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers
_[223] 서적 France in the Golden Age: Seventeenth-century French Paintings in American Collections https://books.google[...] Metropolitan Museum of Art 1982
_[224] 뉴스 The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, September 23, 1903, Image 6 https://chroniclinga[...] 2024-09-24
_[225] 뉴스 The Carlisle independent. (Carlisle, Ark.) 1905-current, April 25, 1907, Image 2 https://chroniclinga[...] 2024-09-24
_[226] 뉴스 The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, June 19, 1921, Image 36 https://chroniclinga[...] 2024-09-24
_[227] 문서
_[228] 서적 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY. VOL. VIII. https://archive.org/[...] Royal Historical Society (Great Britain) 1869
_[229] 서적 From Tahiti to the Terror: George Forster, the Literature of Travel, and Social Thought in the Late Eighteenth Century https://books.google[...] Stanford University 1979
_[230] 뉴스 German President-elect has an Indian 'intellectual connection' https://www.business[...] 2017-03-15
_[231] 웹사이트 Punjab-born German poet laureate Rajvinder Singh dies https://www.tribunei[...]
_[232] 웹사이트 Punjab-born German writer Rajvinder Singh passes away in Berlin https://www.hindusta[...] 2021-12-18
_[233] 뉴스 'East and West meet in me' https://www.thehindu[...] 2012-09-01
_[234] 웹사이트 Indian-origin poet Rajvinder Singh excels in German oeuvre https://www.dailypio[...]
_[235] 웹사이트 Acclaimed community theatre artiste Channi succumbs to virus https://www.thestate[...] 2021-05-22
_[236] 서적 The Warner Library: The world's best literature https://books.google[...] Warner Library Company 1917
_[237] 서적 Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World https://books.google[...] Infobase Publishing 2014-05-14
_[238] 서적 Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora https://books.google[...] Pella Publishing Company 1978
_[239] 웹사이트 Writer Seeking Funds to Build Up Big Navy https://cdnc.ucr.edu[...] 2024-09-19
_[240] 서적 The Image of the Feminine in the Poetry of W.B. Yeats and Angelos Sikelianos https://books.google[...] Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2018-12-19
_[241] 서적 Modern Greek Studies Yearbook https://books.google[...] University of Minnesota 1992
_[242] 서적 Etudes Slaves Et Est-européennes: Slavic and East-European Studies https://books.google[...] Presses de l'Université Laval 1961
_[243] 웹사이트 Zsófia Balla https://jwa.org/ency[...] 2024-09-16
_[244] 서적 Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature https://books.google[...] Columbia University Press 1980
_[245] 서적 The Canadian Encyclopedia https://books.google[...] The Canadian Encyclopedia 1999
_[246] 간행물 Burke's Irish Family Records http://griffiths.ask[...] 1976
_[247] 웹사이트 Poet Laureate: Rachael Hegarty https://www.poetryir[...] 2024-10-26
_[248] 서적 Men of the Time: A Dictionary of Contemporaries, Containing Biographical Notices of Eminent Characters of Both Sexes https://books.google[...] G. Routledge 1879
_[249] 문서 Lindon 2005, n.p.
_[250] 서적 Sixtus IV and men of letters Ed. di Storia e Letteratura 1970
_[251] 서적 Latvijas Kara muzeja gadagrāmata https://books.google[...] Latvijas Kara Muzejs 2001
_[252] 서적 The Collapse of the Soviet Empire: A View from Riga https://books.google[...] Bloomsbury Publishing USA 1997-02-19
_[253] 웹사이트 Day for Knights https://www.latimes.[...] 2024-09-16
_[254] 웹사이트 2020 kovas. Prof. dr. Salman Akhtar prisimena Vilnių https://lpad.lt/2020[...] 2024-09-16
_[255] 서적 The Making and Marketing of Tottel's Miscellany, 1557: Songs and Sonnets in the Summer of the Martyrs' Fires https://books.google[...] Routledge 2016-03-09
_[256] 웹사이트 The inauguration of Malta's first Poet Laureate https://ktieb.org.mt[...] 2024-09-12
_[257] 서적 From SSMR to the Republic of Moldova ± Pmr https://books.google[...] Museum 2002
_[258] 서적 Southern Lumberman ... https://books.google[...] J.H. Baird Publishing Company 1920
_[259] 웹사이트 Hester Knibbe (poet) - Netherlands - Poetry International http://www.poetryint[...] 2024-10-26
_[260] 웹사이트 Dag Solstad tildelt statens æreslønn https://www.regjerin[...] 2024-09-21
_[261] 서적 Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski poezje wybrane Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza 1986
_[262] 웹사이트 Gil Vicente summary https://www.britanni[...] 2024-09-17
_[263] 서적 Portuguese Literature https://books.google[...] Clarendon Press 1922
_[264] 서적 Vasco da Gama and his Successors, 1460–1580 https://books.google[...] Taylor & Francis 2023-05-03
_[265] 서적 Vasile Alecsandri https://books.google[...] Ardent Media
_[266] 서적 The New Pioneer https://books.google[...] Cultural Association for Americans of Roumanian Descent 1945
_[267] 서적 Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930 https://books.google[...] Cornell University Press 2018-08-06
_[268] 서적 Transylvania, History and Reality https://books.google[...] Bartleby Press 1986
_[269] 서적 Critical Survey of Poetry: Foreign Language Series https://books.google[...] Salem Press 1984
_[270] 서적 Rites of Place: Public Commemoration in Russia and Eastern Europe https://books.google[...] Northwestern University Press 2013-08-31
_[271] 서적 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: A Biography https://books.google[...] Third Press 1972
_[272] 서적 Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century https://books.google[...] Ungar 1981
_[273] 서적 Paris Salons, Cafés, Studios https://books.google[...] J.B. Lippincott 1928
_[274] 서적 Eugene Jolas: Critical Writings, 1924-1951 https://books.google[...] Northwestern University Press 2009
_[275] 서적 Serbian Dreambook: National Imaginary in the Time of Milošević https://books.google[...] Indiana University Press
_[276] 서적 The Paul Chowder Chronicles: The Anthologist and Traveling Sprinkler, Two Novels https://books.google[...] Penguin Publishing Group 2014-10-09
_[277] 서적 Serbia https://books.google[...] Bradt Travel Guides
_[278] 서적 Studies in Ethnicity: The East European Experience in America https://books.google[...] Boulder : East European Monographs; New York
_[279] 서적 Almanac https://books.google[...] The Society 1991
_[280] 서적 Souvenir Program ... https://books.google[...] 1946
_[281] 서적 Europe: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society [2 volumes] https://books.google[...] Bloomsbury Publishing USA 2023-11-30
_[282] 서적 Rosicrucian Digest https://books.google[...] Supreme Council of the Rosicrucian Order 1965
_[283] 서적 ديوان ابن دراج القسطلي https://books.google[...] المكتب الاسلامي، 1969
_[284] 뉴스 The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, March 09, 1869, Morning, Image 2 https://chroniclinga[...] 2024-09-24
_[285] 서적 Collier's Encyclopedia: With Bibliography and Index https://books.google[...] Collier 1950
_[286] 서적 The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time https://books.google[...] J. T. White 1900
_[287] 서적 The Nation https://books.google[...] J.H. Richards 1948
_[288] 서적 History of Physical Education https://books.google[...] Harper & Row 1966
_[289] 서적 Literary and Library Prizes https://books.google[...] Bowker 1970
_[290] 서적 Historical Dictionary of Switzerland https://books.google[...] Rowman & Littlefield 2014-05-21
_[291] 서적 Unquiet World: The Life of Count Geoffrey Potocki de Montalk https://books.google[...] Victoria University Press 2001
_[292] 서적 The Ukrainian Bulletin https://books.google[...] Ukrainian Congress Committee of America 1948
_[293] 서적 Dialogue https://books.google[...] Dialogue Foundation 2006
_[294] 서적 Notes and Queries https://books.google[...] Oxford University Press 1876
_[295] 웹사이트 Children's Laureate https://www.booktrus[...] 2019-05-04
_[296] 서적 Òrain Iain Luim: Songs of John MacDonald, Bard of Keppoch The Scottish Gaelic Texts Society 1964
_[297] 뉴스 Liz Lochhead confirmed as new Scots Makar https://www.bbc.co.u[...] 2011-01-19
_[298] 웹사이트 Kathleen Jamie https://www.scottish[...] 2022-05-09
_[299] 뉴스 ‘Scotland has always been multilingual’: new Scottish makar Peter Mackay https://www.theguard[...] 2024-12-05
_[300] 웹사이트 Jim Carruth https://poetryarchiv[...] 2024-10-26
_[301] 웹사이트 Previous Bardd Plant Cymru https://www.literatu[...] 2023-12-09
_[302] 웹사이트 Children's Laureate Wales & Bardd Plant Cymru https://libraries.wa[...] 2023-12-09
_[303] 웹사이트 Dr. Richard Georges Is Territory's First Poet Laureate https://bvi.gov.vg/m[...] 2024-08-29
_[304] 웹사이트 Poets move to the beats of freedom https://www.caymanco[...] 2024-09-13
_[305] 서적 Falkland People https://books.google[...] P. Owen 1992
_[306] 웹사이트 Zoe Cannell named 6th Manx Bard https://www.manxradi[...] 2024-09-13
_[307] 웹사이트 Meeting the new Manx Bard https://www.biospher[...] 2024-09-13
_[308] 웹사이트 New Manx bard to add to 'rich tapestry' of island's culture https://www.bbc.com/[...] 2024-09-13
_[309] 웹사이트 My Biosphere Boakesey Closs https://www.biospher[...] 2024-10-10
_[310] 서적 De Porfirio Díaz a Zapata: memoria náhuatl de Milpa Alta https://books.google[...] UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas 1979
_[311] 웹사이트 'I'd love to see poetry explode' http://www.zingmag.n[...] 2020-09-28
_[312] 웹사이트 Esther Phillips is Barbados' first ever poet laureate https://www.nationne[...] 2020-09-28
_[313] 웹사이트 THE PARLIAMENTARY POET LAUREATE https://lop.parl.ca/[...] 2022-08-08
_[314] 웹사이트 Winnipeg Poet Laureate https://winnipegarts[...]
_[315] 웹사이트 Poet Laureates / Poètes lauréats https://www.poesiemo[...]
_[316] 웹사이트 Shoshanna Wingate appointed Sackville's new Poet Laureate {{pipe}} SaltWire https://www.saltwire[...]
_[317] 웹사이트 Poet Laureate Laura K. Watson https://sackville.co[...]
_[318] 웹사이트 Poet Laureate {{pipe}} City Of St. John's https://www.stjohns.[...]
_[319] 웹사이트 Rita Joe http://www.stu-acpa.[...]
_[320] 웹사이트 Rita Joe {{pipe}} The Canadian Encyclopedia https://www.thecanad[...]
_[321] 웹사이트 John Smith: Poet Laureate 2002-2004 Experience https://www.princeed[...] 2016-08-18
_[322] 뉴스 CBC.ca Arts - P.E.I. appoints poet laureate https://www.cbc.ca/n[...]
_[323] 웹사이트 Poet Laureate https://www.princeed[...] 2022-08-08
_[324] 웹사이트 Canada's Poets Laureate https://poets.ca/res[...] 2022-08-08
_[325] 웹사이트 Yukon Poet Laureate https://www.yukonpoe[...] 2022-08-08
_[326] 웹사이트 Commissioner introduces first Story Laureate of Yukon https://yukon.ca/en/[...] 2022-10-22
_[327] 서적 Library of Congress Information Bulletin https://books.google[...] The Library 1984
_[328] 간행물 A Transnational Figure: Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda and the American Press 2017
_[329] 학위논문 From Harlem to Havana and Back Again: Ruin, the Performative Politics of Survival, and the Ambivalent, State-Sponsored Detective in Chester Himes' Harlem Domestic and Leonardo Padura's Cuatro Estaciones 2021
_[330] 서적 One Man, One Battle World Wide Publishing Company 1980
_[331] 서적 Ateneo de El Salvador: órgano del Centro del mismo nombre https://books.google[...] El Ateneo 1921
_[332] 서적 Ventanas al azul https://books.google[...] Editorial Ahora 1957
_[333] 서적 The Rough Guide to Guatemala https://books.google[...] Penguin 2009-02-16
_[334] 서적 Behind Spanish American Footlights https://books.google[...] University of Texas Press 2014-07-29
_[335] 서적 CLA Journal https://books.google[...] College Language Association. 1984
_[336] 서적 Caribbean Writers: A Bio-bibliographical-critical Encyclopedia https://books.google[...] Three Continents Press 1979
_[337] 서적 Honduras https://books.google[...] Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC 2018-12-15
_[338] 서적 Revista de derecho, historia y letras https://books.google[...] J. Peuser 1922
_[339] 웹사이트 Former Poets Laureate https://nlj.gov.jm/p[...] 2022-08-07
_[340] 웹사이트 poet laureate of Jamaica https://nlj.gov.jm/p[...] 2022-08-07
_[341] 웹사이트 Ghanaian Author Kwame Dawes Honored as the Poet Laureate of Jamaica https://brittlepaper[...] 2024-08-29
_[342] 서적 Chronicle https://books.google[...] West Indian Committee 1939
_[343] 서적 The Journal of Negro Education https://books.google[...] Bureau of Educational Research 1942
_[344] 서적 Connecting the Dots in World History, A Teacher's Literacy Based Curriculum: From the Mongol Empire to the Reformation https://books.google[...] Rowman & Littlefield 2015-11-10
_[345] 서적 The Sky Clears: Poetry of the American Indians https://books.google[...] U of Nebraska Press 1964-01-01
_[346] 서적 Central America and Mexico https://books.google[...] James C. Parish, Jr. 1953
_[347] 서적 Sports Afield https://books.google[...] Hearst Corporation 1898
_[348] 서적 The Independent https://books.google[...] S. W. Benedict 1909
_[349] 서적 Creative Composites: Modernism, Race, and the Stieglitz Circle https://books.google[...] Univ of California Press 2012-09-06
_[350] 서적 The Christian Advocate https://books.google[...] T. Carlton & J. Porter 1901
_[351] 웹사이트 Fernando Fernández presenta un retrato nítido y completo de la obra de López Velarde https://www.proceso.[...] 2024-10-10
_[352] 서적 I Speak of the City: Mexico City at the Turn of the Twentieth Century https://books.google[...] University of Chicago Press 2015-02-24
_[353] 서적 Ábside https://books.google[...] 1943
_[354] 웹사이트 Gerardo de Jesús Monroy es el poeta laureado https://www.pressrea[...] 2024-10-11
_[355] 서적 La sucesión presidencial en Honduras https://books.google[...] Talleres Tipo-Litográficos "Aristón" 1949
_[356] 서적 Belice es tierra de Guatemala https://books.google[...] Ediciones R. Leyton Prado 1953
_[357] 서적 Wilson Library Bulletin https://books.google[...] H.W. Wilson Company 1943
_[358] 웹사이트 Derek Walcott, St. Lucian Poet and Nobel Laureate, Wrote Frequently About USVI {{!}} St. Thomas Source https://stthomassour[...] 2024-08-29
_[359] 뉴스 The laureate of St Lucia https://www.theguard[...] 2024-08-29
_[360] 웹사이트 Poet Laureate of Trinidad and Tobago https://circleofpoet[...] 2024-09-13
_[361] 웹사이트 You never know who's listening https://newsday.co.t[...] 2024-09-13
_[362] 웹사이트 Pearl Eintou Springer http://www.bestoftri[...]
_[363] 웹사이트 POETRY: THE NAMES https://www.pbs.org/[...] pbs.org 2019-12-28
_[364] 뉴스 Meet Amanda Gorman, America's First Youth Poet Laureate (Published 2017) https://www.nytimes.[...] 2021-01-20
_[365] 웹사이트 State Poets Laureate A Resource Guide https://guides.loc.g[...] 2022-07-30
_[366] 웹사이트 Australia is to have a poet laureate – how will the first appointment define us as a nation?' https://theconversat[...] 2024-04-01
_[367] 뉴스 Australian poet laureate http://nla.gov.au/nl[...] 2020-06-21
_[368] 뉴스 Australia needs a poet laureate https://www.news.com[...] 2020-06-21
_[369] 웹사이트 Australia needs a Poet Laureate https://www.cis.org.[...] 2020-06-21
_[370] 뉴스 Brunton Stephens. Australian Poet Laureate http://nla.gov.au/nl[...] 2020-06-21
_[371] 뉴스 Gallery of Australian authors. 'Banjo' Paterson, Poet Laureate. http://nla.gov.au/nl[...] 2020-06-21
_[372] 뉴스 Australia's unofficial poet laureate Les Murray farewelled https://www.afr.com/[...] Australian Financial Review 2020-06-21
_[373] 서적 Levelling Wind: Remembering Fiji https://books.google[...] ANU Press 2019-10-15
_[374] 서적 Indian Diaspora: Socio-Cultural and Religious Worlds https://books.google[...] BRILL 2015-02-04
_[375] 웹사이트 What In The World ...? -- Verse Case: A Little Doggerel Goes A Long Way In Kiribati {{!}} The Seattle Times https://archive.seat[...] 2024-09-13
_[376] 뉴스 Auckland professor named NZ Poet Laureate http://www.nzherald.[...] 2011-09-12
_[377] 웹사이트 New Zealand Poet Laureate http://nzpoetlaureat[...] 2012-01-05
_[378] 웹사이트 Poet Laureate Award http://www.poetlaure[...] 2020-03-14
_[379] 웹사이트 Chris Tse is New Zealand's next poet laureate https://www.stuff.co[...] 2023-04-25
_[380] 웹사이트 Vol. 44, No. 9 ( Sep. 1, 1973) https://nla.gov.au/n[...] 2024-09-26
_[381] 서적 Decolonising the Mind: The Impact of the University of Culture and Identity in Papua New Guinea, 1971-1974 https://books.google[...] Pandanus 2005
_[382] 서적 Pacific Islands Monthly https://books.google[...] Pacific Publications. 1968
_[383] 서적 The National Encyclopedia https://books.google[...] P.F. Collier & Son Company 1932
_[384] 서적 Concise Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature https://books.google[...] Routledge 2014-01-14
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_[386] 서적 The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Brasilia https://books.google[...] University of Chicago Press 1989-09-08
_[387] 서적 Orientalism and Identity in Latin America: Fashioning Self and Other from the (Post)Colonial Margin https://books.google[...] University of Arizona Press 2013-03-14
_[388] 웹사이트 Galvarino Merino Duarte poeta laureado. [artículo] https://www.bibliote[...] 2024-10-01
_[389] 서적 The American Catholic Quarterly Review https://books.google[...] Hardy and Mahony. 1920
_[390] 서적 A Library of the World's Best Literature - Ancient and Modern - Vol.XXII (Forty-Five Volumes); Kingsley-Le Sage https://books.google[...] Cosimo, Inc. 2008-06-01
_[391] 서적 Historical Dictionary of Ecuador Rowman & Littlefield 2019
_[392] 서적 Poesía ecuatoriana https://books.google[...] Editorial "Fray Jodoco Ricke" 1969
_[393] 서적 Inter-America https://books.google[...] Doubleday, Page 1919
_[394] 서적 Guyana Review https://books.google[...] Cosmopolitan Communications Corporation 1995
_[395] 서적 Some Spanish-American Poets https://books.google[...] University of Pennsylvania Press 2016-11-11
_[396] 서적 Parnaso paraguayo: selectas composiciones poéticas, coleccionadas https://books.google[...] Maucci 1910
_[397] 서적 Bibliotheca Americana Et Philippina https://books.google[...] Maggs Bros. 1927
_[398] 서적 Catalogue https://books.google[...] Maggs Bros. Limited 1926
_[399] 웹사이트 Poet Liberated https://cdnc.ucr.edu[...] 2024-09-19
_[400] 서적 Size and Survival: The Politics of Security in the Caribbean and the Pacific https://books.google[...] Routledge 2014-02-04
_[401] 서적 S.E.C.O.L.A.S. https://books.google[...] Kennesaw Junior College 1993
_[402] 서적 Poet Lore https://books.google[...] Writer's Center 1948
_[403] 서적 The Land of Bolivar: Or, War, Peace, and Adventure in the Republic of Venezuela https://books.google[...] AMS Press 1878
_[404] 문서 퓨ーティア大祭参照