뉴욕 시의회

3. 구조

뉴욕 시의회는 51개 선거구에서 각각 1명씩 선출된 51명의 의원으로 구성된다. 시의회 의사당은 뉴욕 시청에 있으며, 임기는 4년이다. 미국 대통령 선거 다음 해에 시의원 선거가 치러지는 소선거구제 방식을 채택하고 있다.

뉴욕 시의회는 강력한 시장-의회 정부 형태를 띠며, 뉴욕 시장에 대한 견제 기능을 수행한다. 시 기관 및 직원의 업무 성과를 감시하고, 토지 이용 방식을 결정하며, 여러 조례를 제정하고, 시 예산을 승인하는 권한을 갖는다.

각 의원은 최대 2번까지 연임할 수 있으며, 4년 이상 의원직에서 물러나면 다시 선출될 수 있다. 시의장은 의제를 설정하고 의회를 주재하며, 의안은 의장실을 통해 제출된다. 뉴욕 시의회는 38개의 위원회를 두고 뉴욕 시 정부의 다양한 기능을 감시하며, 각 의원은 최소 3개의 상임 또는 특별 소위원회에 소속된다. 상임위원회는 최소 한 달에 한 번 회의를 개최하며, 시의장, 다수당 대표 및 소수당 대표는 모든 위원회의 특별 구성원이다.

2022년에는 최초의 여성 다수 시의회가 구성되었으며, 최초의 무슬림 여성, 최초의 남아시아 출신 의원, 최초의 공개적인 게이 흑인 여성이 포함되었다.^[14][15]

시의원은 현재 연간 148500USD의 기본 급여를 받으며, 이는 2016년 초 112500USD에서 인상된 금액이다.^[4] 급여 인상과 함께 새로운 윤리 지침 및 제한 사항이 적용되어, 외부 소득은 대부분 금지되고 위원회 활동에 대한 추가 보상은 더 이상 받지 않는다.^[5]

1993년 주민투표에서 시의원 및 시 전체 선출직 공무원에 대해 두 번의 임기 제한이 부과되었다.^[14] 에스티 로더 재산 상속자인 로널드 롤더는 임기 제한 도입 운동을 주도하며 두 번의 주민투표에 400만달러를 지출했다.^[16] 1996년, 유권자들은 임기 제한을 연장하려는 시의회 제안을 거부했다. 2008년, 마이클 블룸버그 시장의 압력으로 시의회는 임기를 3기로 연장하는 투표를 했으나, 연방 법원에서 패소했다. 2010년 주민투표를 통해 두 번의 임기 제한 법이 다시 복원되었다.^[20]

3. 1. 설치 근거와 법 제정

3. 2. 지역구

• '''맨해튼''': 1구, 2구, 3구, 4구, 5구, 6구, 7구, 8구, 9구, 10구
• '''브롱크스''': 11구, 12구, 13구, 14구, 15구, 16구, 17구, 18구
• '''퀸스''': 19구, 20구, 21구, 22구, 23구, 24구, 25구, 26구, 27구, 28구, 29구, 30구, 31구, 32구
• '''브루클린''': 33구, 34구, 35구, 36구, 37구, 38구, 39구, 40구, 41구, 42구, 43구, 44구, 45구, 46구, 47구, 48구
• '''스태튼아일랜드''': 49구, 50구, 51구

3. 3. 의원 구성

• '''각주:'''
• *표시는 특별 선거로 선출된 의원을 의미한다.
• **표시는 임기가 만료되지 않은 기간을 채우기 위해 인증 후 취임한 의원을 의미한다.
• 로버트 홀든^[1]은 2017년 공화당 후보로 선출되었지만, 민주당원으로 등록되어 있다.

3. 4. 급여

3. 5. 임기 제한

4. 권한 및 역할

뉴욕 시의회는 강력한 시장-의회 정부 형태에서 뉴욕 시장에 대한 견제 기능을 수행한다. 시의회는 시 기관 및 직원의 업무 성과를 감시하고, 토지 이용 방식을 결정하며, 그 외 여러 조례를 제정하는 권한을 갖는다. 시의회만이 시의 예산을 승인할 수 있다.^[127]

뉴욕 시의회는 38개의 위원회를 두고 있으며, 뉴욕 시 정부의 다양한 기능을 감시한다. 각 의원은 최소 3개의 상임 또는 특별 소위원회에 소속된다. 상임위원회는 최소 한 달에 한 번 회의를 개최한다. 시의장, 다수당 대표 및 소수당 대표는 모든 위원회의 특별 구성원이다.^[127]

뉴욕 시 헌장(New York City Charter)은 뉴욕 시 의회를 포함한 뉴욕 시 정부의 기본법이다. 뉴욕 시 행정법(New York City Administrative Code)은 시 의회에 의해 공포된 법률의 법전화이며, 29편(title)으로 구성된다.^[127] 법령에 따른 시의 부서에 의해 공포되는 규정(regulation)은 71편(title)의 뉴욕 시 규칙(Rules of the City of New York)에 포함되어 있다.^[127]

현지 법(local law)은 주 의회(Legislature)에 의해 제정된 법률과 동등한 지위를 가지며(일부 예외 및 제약이 있음), 조례(ordinance), 결의(resolution), 규칙(rule), 및 규정(regulation)과 같은 보다 오래된 형태의 자치 단체 입법(municipal legislation)보다 우선한다.^[128]

5. 위원회

뉴욕 시의회는 38개의 위원회를 두고 뉴욕 시 정부의 다양한 기능을 감시한다. 각 의원은 최소 3개의 상임 위원회 또는 소위원회에 소속된다. 상임 위원회는 최소 한 달에 한 번 회의를 개최한다. 시의장, 다수당 대표, 소수당 대표는 모든 위원회의 당연직(ex officio) 구성원이다.^[1]

5. 1. 상임 위원회

^[1]

5. 2. 소위원회

• '''노인 센터 및 식량 불안정 소위원회''' (의장: 달린 밀리)^[1]
• '''코로나19 회복 및 탄력 소위원회''' (의장: 프란시스코 모야)^[1]
• '''랜드마크, 공공 부지 및 처분 소위원회''' (의장: 파라 루이스)^[1]
• '''지구 계획 및 프랜차이즈 소위원회''' (의장: 케빈 라일리)^[1]

6. 코커스

뉴욕 시의회에는 다음과 같은 코커스(의원 모임)가 있다.

• 흑인, 라틴계 및 아시아계(BLA) 코커스
• 상식 코커스
• 아일랜드 코커스^[124]
• 이탈리아 코커스
• 유대인 코커스
• LGBT 코커스
• 진보 코커스
• 여성 코커스

7. 역대 시의장

뉴욕 시의회 역사는 뉴욕 시가 뉴 암스테르담으로 알려졌던 네덜란드 식민지 시대로 거슬러 올라간다. 1653년 2월 2일 네덜란드 서인도 회사가 발행한 헌장에 따라 도시로 통합된 뉴 암스테르담의 입법 의회는 지역 법률 제정 기관이자 하위 관할 법정으로 활동했다. 18세기와 19세기 동안 지역 입법부는 '''평의회'''로 불렸고, 이후 '''시 의회'''로 변경되었다. 1898년 대뉴욕 시의 합병 헌장은 의회의 명칭을 변경하고 개편했으며, 특정 행정 및 재정 권한을 가진 뉴욕 시 예산 위원회를 추가했다. 이후 여러 차례의 변화를 거쳐, 현재의 의회는 1938년에 새로운 헌장에 따라 출범했으며, 의회를 유일한 입법 기관으로, 뉴욕 시 예산 위원회를 최고 행정 기관으로 규정했다. 그러나 의회의 특정 기능은 위원회의 승인을 받아야 했다.^[9]

1938년에는 비례 대표제의 일종인 단기 양도 투표 제도가 채택되었으나,^[9] 1947년에 폐지되었다.^[10] 1989년, 미국 연방 대법원은 예산 위원회가 1인 1표 원칙을 위반했다고 판결했고, 새로운 헌장은 예산 위원회를 폐지하고 의회 선거구 경계를 재조정하도록 규정했다. 또한 시의원 수를 35명에서 51명으로 늘렸다. 1993년 뉴욕 시 의회는 시 의회 의장 직함을 뉴욕 공공 옹호관으로 변경하기로 투표했다.^[12] 2002년 시 헌장 개정으로 의장직의 의무가 공공 옹호관에서 시 의회 의장으로 이관되었다.^[13]

2022년에는 최초의 여성 다수 시의회^[14]가 구성되었으며, 여기에는 최초의 무슬림 여성, 최초의 남아시아 출신 의원, 최초의 공개적인 게이 흑인 여성이 포함되었다.^[15]

시장, 시 감사관과 함께 뉴욕시 전체 유권자가 직접 선출하는 세 명의 시 공무원 중 한 명인 시 의회 의장은, 선출된 시장이 사임하거나 사망하는 등 직무를 수행할 수 없을 경우 다음 특별 또는 정기 선거가 치러질 때까지 시장 대행을 맡았다.^[22] 1989년까지 이 세 명의 공무원은 다섯 명의 구 의장과 함께 뉴욕시 추정 위원회를 구성했다. 정치 캠페인은 전통적으로 이 세 직책에 대한 후보를 균형 있게 조정하여 도시의 다양한 유권자에게 어필하려고 노력해 왔다.

역대 시의장은 다음과 같다:

7. 1. 앨더맨 위원회 의장 (1898년 ~ 1937년)

7. 2. 시 의회 의장 (1938년 ~ 1993년)

7. 3. 공공 옹호관 (1994년 ~ 2009년)

7. 4. 시 의회 의장 (2002년 ~ 현재)

참조

_[1] 웹사이트 Committees https://council.nyc.[...] New York City Council 2022-06-03
_[2] 웹사이트 Charter of the City of New York, Chapter 2 §25(a) https://nyccharter.r[...]
_[3] 웹사이트 NYC Population: Current and Projected Populations https://www1.nyc.gov[...] 2019-02-01
_[4] 웹사이트 NYC Council votes 40-7 to raise members' pay to $148,500 https://www.newsday.[...] 2020-04-28
_[5] 웹사이트 New York City Council Votes to Raise Members' Pay https://www.nytimes.[...] 2016-02-05
_[6] 서적 Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide https://www.wshein.c[...] Wm. S. Hein Publishing
_[7] 서적 Adopting Local Laws in New York State https://www.dos.ny.g[...] New York State Department of State 2014-05-02
_[8] 웹사이트 About the Law Department https://www.nyc.gov/[...] New York City Law Department 2013-06-16
_[9] 간행물 Proposed Charter for the City of New York
_[10] 웹사이트 A Brief History of Proportional Representation in the United States https://www.mtholyok[...] 2014-04-30
_[11] 문서 Andrews v. Koch
_[12] 웹사이트 The Role of the Public Advocate https://archive.advo[...] Office of NYC Public Advocate Bill de Blasio 2020-04-28
_[13] 웹사이트 Betsy Gotbaum, the Advocate, Struggles to Reach Her Public https://www.nytimes.[...] 2020-04-28
_[14] 서적 Making It Here: A Publication in Honor of the First Female Majority in New York City Government https://www.laguardi[...] LaGuardia and Wagner Archives
_[15] 웹사이트 The Next City Council Set To Be Most Diverse, Progressive, And Hold First-Ever Female Majority https://gothamist.co[...] 2022-03-23
_[16] 웹사이트 Council Votes, 29 to 22, to Extend Term Limits https://cityroom.blo[...] 2020-04-28
_[17] 웹사이트 The Future of Term Limits Is in Court https://www.nytimes.[...] 2020-04-28
_[18] 웹사이트 Judge Rejects Suit Over Term Limits https://www.nytimes.[...] 2020-04-28
_[19] 뉴스 Appeals Court Upholds Term Limits Revision https://cityroom.blo[...] New York Times 2009-04-28
_[20] 웹사이트 Once Again, City Voters Approve Term Limits https://www.nytimes.[...] 2020-04-28
_[21] 뉴스 Once Again, City Voters Approve Term Limits https://www.nytimes.[...] 2018-02-27
_[22] 웹사이트 New York City Charter, ch. 1, §10 https://www.nyc.gov/[...] City of New York 2016-08-19
_[23] 뉴스 Death of Mr. Guggenheimer https://timesmachine[...] 1907-09-13
_[24] 뉴스 Democrats Take All — The Tammany Ticket Makes Almost a Clean Sweep of the Greater City — Only Two Republicans in the Council — Van Wyck's Plurality Is 80,316 — Seth Low Ran Nearly 40,000 Ahead of His Ticket — The Republicans Lose 21 Assemblymen and Elect Only 11 Candidates to the Board of Aldermen https://timesmachine[...] 1897-11-04
_[25] 뉴스 City Legislators Meet — The First Session of the Council in Its Chamber Held Amid a Profusion of Flowers — Address of the President — He Calls the Attention of the Members to Serious Questions Confronting Them and Urges the Necessity of Economy in Expenditures https://timesmachine[...] 1898-01-04
_[26] 뉴스 Mr. Guggenheimer https://timesmachine[...] 1902-01-01
_[27] 뉴스 Charles V. Fornes Dies of Stroke at 82 — Twice President of New York City Board of Aldermen Succumbs in Buffalo — Was an Ex-Congressman — Long a Merchant Here and Active in Charities — Former President of Catholic Club https://timesmachine[...] 1929-05-23
_[28] 뉴스 Seth Low Takes The Mayor's Chair — Ex-Mayor Van Wyck Leaves the City Hall Alone — The New Executive Greeted With Courteous Words by His Predecessor Asks the People's Help in Redeeming His Solemn Pledges https://timesmachine[...] 1902-01-02
_[29] 뉴스 Patrick F. M'Gowan Dead in Hospital — Operation for Spleen Growth Fails to Save Former President of Aldermen — Washington Irving High School His Monument — Came to City As a Poor Young Man https://timesmachine[...] 1913-04-07
_[30] 뉴스 Mayor McClellan Sworn In — McGowan, Metz, Hayes, and Gass Also Get Certificates and Follow Suit https://timesmachine[...] 1905-12-28
_[31] 뉴스 Kind to Metz and McGowan — Good Committees Picked for Them on Board of Education https://timesmachine[...] 1910-01-07
_[32] 뉴스 Belt Unfastened, Ex-Mayor Mitchel Falls To Death - His Scout Plane 500 Feet from Ground When the Accident Happened - Find Body In Marsh Grass - Other Airmen Believe He Was Trying to Make Landing When He Fell - Wife Not on the Grounds - Bears Shock Bravely and Will Bring Body from Louisiana Field to This City https://timesmachine[...] 1918-07-07
_[33] 뉴스 Mayor Gaynor Takes Office — But He Will Not Announce His Appointments Before To-morrow — Ridder For Park Board — Publisher May be Commissioner for Manhattan, But Asks Time to Consider — McAneny Is Sworn In — Mitchel, Prendergast and Other Officers of the New Administration Also Take Hold https://timesmachine[...] 1910-01-02
_[34] 뉴스 Mitchel In Office As Port Collector Loeb, Retiring, Wishes Him Well — McAneny and Steers There as He Is Sworn In — Still in Mayoralty Fight — Politicians Say His Federal Appointment Can't Keep Him Out and Will Help Him https://timesmachine[...] 1913-06-08
_[35] 뉴스 Ex-Mayor Kline Dies At Age Of 72 — City's Chief Executive A Few Months Upon Death Of Mayor Gaynor In 1913 — Once Head Of Aldermen — A Brigadier General in the National Guard — Was With U.S. Shipping Board At His Death — Joined National Guard In 1876 — Praised By Gaynor https://timesmachine[...] 1930-10-14
_[36] 뉴스 Col. Kline For Economy — Successor of Mitchel As Aldermen's Head Will Follow His Lead https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-20
_[37] 뉴스 Kline Elected Alderman — Mayor Gets All but Forty Votes In His Home District https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-30
_[38] 뉴스 George M'Aneny, 83, Dead in Princeton — Zoning and Transit Expert Was City Controller, President of Manhattan Borough — Banker, Reform Leader — Former Executive Manager of The Times Helped to Draft Code for Civil Service https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-30
_[39] 뉴스 Mitchel's First Day As Mayor — Cautions Heads of Departments Against Talking Too Much — Insists on Co-operation — No Police Head Yet — Commissioner McKay May Remain If Mayor Cannot Get the Man He Wants for the Place https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-20
_[40] 뉴스 McAneny Stays Till Feb. 1 — President of Aldermen Postpones His Resignation at Mayor's Request https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-20
_[41] 뉴스 M'Aneny to Resign to Join The Times — President of the Board of Aldermen to Give Up Office in January Next — Will Finish Work in Hand — Regrets Leaving Associates, but Feels That He Will Still Be in the Public's Service https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-30
_[42] 뉴스 Frank L. Dowling Dies of Pneumonia — President of Manhattan Borough Stricken After Attack of Gall Stones a Week Ago — Long Career in Politics — Former President of Board of Aldermen Served 18 Years in That Body — Mayor Pays Tribute https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-31
_[43] 뉴스 Frank L. Dowling Heads Aldermen; Vice Chairman of the Board Will Take President McAneny's Place — Democrats in Control — Dr. Thomas W. Martin Replaces Barry, Who Died In Bronx District — Committees Named https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-20
_[44] 뉴스 A Tammany Sweep — Hylan Can Get Every Vote in the Board of Estimate — Carries Every Borough — His Vote Is 293,382, Mitchel's 148,060, and Hillquit's 138,793 — Lewis, Attorney General — Beaten in This City, but Had a Big Plurality Up-State — Hylan Promises Loyalty https://timesmachine[...] 2016-11-21
_[45] 뉴스 Alfred E. Smith Dies Here at 70 — 4 Times Governor — End Comes After a Sudden Relapse Following Earlier Turn for the Better — Ran For President in '28 — His Rise From Newsboy and Fishmonger Had No Exact Parallel in U.S. History https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-31
_[46] 뉴스 Smith Fills Offices — Matthew T. Horgan Will Be Assistant President of Aldermen https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-20
_[47] 뉴스 Named By Smith To Military Staff — Governor-Elect Will Appoint 4 More Men Later Who Have Seen Active Service — Resigns From Aldermen — Will Use Governor's Room at City Hall to Meet Persons Here on Official Business https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-20
_[48] 뉴스 R.L. Moran, Led City's Aldermen — Chief of Board Under Hylan Dies — Was Commissioner of Bronx Public Works https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-31
_[49] 뉴스 La Guardia Wins By 1,530 — Beats Moran for President of Board of Aldermen in a Close Contest — Koenig Ordered Vigilance — Warned Republican Chairmen to Stay by the Ballot Boxes and Scrutinize Count — Curran Defeats Boyle — Five Republican Votes in Board of Estimate Assured — Clean Cut Result in Supreme Court https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-30
_[50] 뉴스 La Guardia is Dead; City Pays Homage to 3-Time Mayor — Body Lying in State at St. John the Divine, Where Services Will Be Held Tomorrow — Gilbert Will Officiate — Truman, O'Dwyer and General Assembly of U.N. Mourn 'Champion of Democracy' https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-31
_[51] 뉴스 Curran Sworn In, LaGuardia Also — Borough President and Head of Aldermen Silent on Public Issues — Two Resignations Asked — Curran Pays Tribute to the Late Frank L. Dowling — Says Fairer Man Never Lived https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-20
_[52] 뉴스 Curran Defeats La Guardia by 60,000 — Haskell Third — Gilroy Wins — Hines Loses — Hines's Manager and a Candidate Shot — Fusion Wins All Over City — Wet Republican Runs 3 to 1 Behind — Bennett a Poor Fourth — Connolly Wins in Queens — Organization Leader Defeats Denis O'Leary, Insurgent Democrat, by 3 to 1 — Lockwood in Easy Victory — With 455 Districts Missing, Curran Has 83,425, LaGuardia 30,955, Bennett 3,777 https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-30
_[53] 뉴스 Murray Hulbert, Jurist, 65, Dead — Member of the Federal Bench Since 1934 Formerly Headed Board of Aldermen Here https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-31
_[54] 뉴스 Hylan Reinstalled, Pledges Old Policy; Keeps His Old Staff — In Inaugural Address Continues His Criticism of Press, Legislature and Port Authority — Refers to His Large Vote — Says It Is Not a Personal Tribute, but It Imposes Grave Responsibility — For Higher Aldermanic Pay — Craig Appears With Draft of New Charter Providing $5,000 Salaries for Members https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-20
_[55] 뉴스 Court Ousts Hulbert From City Office; Forfeited Post By Taking State Job; Hylan Hopes Smith Will Reappoint Him — Collins His Successor — His Eligibility to the Office Since Jan. 1 Is Questioned, However — Dispute Over The Law — Governor May Have Power to Appoint Hulbert to His Old Position — Comma Figures in Case https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-20
_[56] 뉴스 William Collins, Ex-Justice, Dead — Surrogate Served on State Supreme Court, 1928–45 https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-31
_[57] 뉴스 Hylan And Enright Out With Pensions; Last-Hour Shifts In Police Department; Walker Fills Important City Posts — Collins Mayor for a Day — Leach is the Active Head of the Police Force for the Last Day of 1925 — Hylan to Get $4,205 A Year — Retirement Voted by Board of Estimate, He Quits to Assure Pension — Enright to Draw $5,000 — Approval of His Retirement as Commissioner One of Hylan's Last Official Acts https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-19
_[58] 뉴스 J.V. M'Kee is Dead; Served as Mayor — President of Old Aldermanic Board Replaced Walker in Wave of Reform — Known as 'Holy Joe' — Former Teacher Entered Politics 'by Accident' — Headed Trust Company https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-31
_[59] 뉴스 McKee Resigns as Judge https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-28
_[60] 뉴스 M'Kee Reinstates Man The Man He Had Ousted — Just Before Quitting Office He Names McEneny, Dropped in School Site Inquiry — Now Finds Charges Fail — O'Brien Assures His Departing Associate He Will Always Be Welcome at City Hall https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-28
_[61] 뉴스 Dennis J. Mahon, Tammany Aide, 71 — Acting Mayor in 30s Dies — Assisted De Sapio https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-31
_[62] 뉴스 City Charter Bill Voted — Aldermen Provide Referendum on Question of Revision https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-28
_[63] 뉴스 Rockway Subway Approved by City — Long Island Road's Route Held Best of 3 Proposed — Buying of Line Up to LaGuardia — Cost Put at $34,114,000 — Estimate Board Also Passes on Site of Staten Island Tube and Brooklyn Tunnel https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-28
_[64] 뉴스 Democrats Keep Aldermanic Rule — But the Republican-Fusionists Elect Seventeen, a Gain of Sixteen Seats — Majority Leader Loses — Mahon's Defeat Blow to Tammany — Kiernan Beaten in Brooklyn — Baldwin Winner https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-30
_[65] 뉴스 LaGuardia Takes Office To Give City A New Deal; Sworn at Seabury Home — Ceremony At Midnight — Wife and Fusion Chiefs Are Present as McCook Administers Oath — His Day to Begin Early — Goes to Headquarters at 8:30 A.M. to Induct O'Ryan as Police Commissioner — Board to Hear His Plans — Mayor Faces Many Problems, a Hostile Tammany and Fight for His Program at Albany https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-19
_[66] 뉴스 Bernard S. Deutsch Dies Unexpectedly At 51 In Bronx Home — President of Board of Aldermen Succumbs to Brief Illness Not Known to Be Serious — Strain of Office Blamed — Wife and Two Daughters at Bedside — Mayor Goes to Home on Learning News — He Was Leader in Fusion — Long Identified With Law Here — Rose in Politics After 1930 Ambulance Chasing Inquiry https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-19
_[67] 뉴스 List of Candidates Who Will Be on Ballots in Municipal Election Nov. 7 https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-19
_[68] 뉴스 T.J. Sullivan Dies; Once Acting Mayor — Former President of the Board of Aldermen and Midtown Democratic Leader https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-31
_[69] 뉴스 William Brunner ot Queens, 77, Last Alderman Board Head, Dies — Representative, 1928 to '35, Assemblyman and Sheriff — Headed Peninsula Hospital https://timesmachine[...] 2016-12-31
_[70] 뉴스 Brunner Sworn In To Head Aldermen — Hallinan Administers Oath in Presence of Family and a Few Close Friends — Induction on Monday — Former Sheriff of Queens is Expected to Outline Policies at Meeting of Board https://timesmachine[...] 2016-08-19
_[71] 뉴스 Tables Showing the Vote for City-Wide Officials and Borough and County Posts https://timesmachine[...] 1937-11-03
_[72] 뉴스 Morris, An Athlete, Heads City Council — Amateur Skating Champion and College Oarsman a Descendant of Declaration Signer https://timesmachine[...] 1937-11-03
_[73] 뉴스 Morris Is Sworn As Council Head — Takes Oath Under Portrait of Great-Grandfather, Mayor of City 1851 to 1853 — 200 Attend Ceremonies — Lazarus is Selected as Head of Administrative Staff — 5 Other Aides Named https://timesmachine[...] 1938-01-01
_[74] 뉴스 O'Dwyer Elected Mayor in City Sweep; Carries Ticket With Him; Goldstein 2d; Molotov Rebukes US on Atomic Policy — Record Plurality — Margin Totals 685,175 — McGoldrick Out but Runs Ahead of Ticket — Blow to Dewey Seen — Beldock Defeated by Big Margin — Lynch Loses to Hall in Richmond https://timesmachine[...] 1945-11-07
_[75] 뉴스 Vincdent Impellitteri is Dead; Mayor of New York in 1950s https://www.nytimes.[...] 1987-01-30
_[76] 뉴스 O'Dwyer As Mayor Pledges His Regime 'To Do Good Work' — In Inaugural Talk He Appeals for Citizens' Aid in Meeting 'Heavy' Responsibilities — Homecoming Spirit Noted — Democrats Happy in Taking Over City Hall — LaGuardia Waves Hat in Farewell https://timesmachine[...] 1946-01-02
_[77] 뉴스 Joseph Sharkey, 97, Former Head Of New York City Council, Is Dead https://www.nytimes.[...] 1991-01-03
_[78] 뉴스 Mayor Will Delay Changing Top Aides — In No Hurry, but Some Will Go, Says Impellitteri After Crowd Cheers Him at City Hall https://timesmachine[...] 1950-11-09
_[79] 뉴스 Halley Dies at 43; Ex-Crime Counsel — Former Kefauver Committee Aide Served as President of City Council Here — Exposed Rackets on TV — Lawyer Suffered Reverses in Municipal Post — Lost in '53 Mayoralty Race https://timesmachine[...] 1956-11-20
_[80] 뉴스 Halley Induction Slated For Today — Board Certifies the Election of President of City Council by Plurality of 163,342 Votes https://timesmachine[...] 1951-11-14
_[81] 뉴스 Wagner Wins By 360,078 in Democratic Sweep; Meyner is Elected in Jersey By a Landslide and — City Vote 2,205,662 — Riegelman Runs Second — Stark Tops Ticket in New Dealers' Triumph https://timesmachine[...] 1953-11-04
_[82] 뉴스 Abe Stark of Brooklyn, Who Led City Council, Dies https://www.nytimes.[...] 1972-07-04
_[83] 뉴스 Wagner Pledges His Best To City At Inauguration — Mayor, in Ceremony, Voices Aims for Housing, Schools, Health and Security — Swears In His 36 Aides — Moses Retained in All Three Posts — Impellitteri Will Get His Judgeship Today https://timesmachine[...] 1954-01-02
_[84] 뉴스 City Vote Heavy – Lefkowitz Takes 34% of Total, Screvane and Beame Elected https://timesmachine[...] 1961-11-08
_[85] 뉴스 Paul R. Screvane Dies at 87; Held Many Political Offices https://www.nytimes.[...] 2001-11-07
_[86] 뉴스 Wagner Gives Jobs to 7 Who Helped to Elect Him https://timesmachine[...] 1962-01-01
_[87] 뉴스 City Elects Mayor Today; Vote Of 2 Million Is Seen; Jersey To Pick Governor — Wagner and Lefkowitz End Bitterly Fought Campaign — Union Cheers for Mayor https://timesmachine[...] 1961-11-07
_[88] 뉴스 For Beame, an Unexpected Joy — For Screvane, Stunning Dismay https://timesmachine[...] 1965-09-15
_[89] 뉴스 Frank D. O'Connor, 82, Is Dead; Retired New York Appellate Judge https://www.nytimes.[...] 1992-12-03
_[90] 뉴스 O'Connor Chooses First 3 Top Aides — Bragdon, Mrs. Shainswit and Olivero Are Lawyers https://timesmachine[...] 1965-12-30
_[91] 뉴스 Council Narrows Presidency Race — Seeks to Fill Vacancy With Member From Queens https://timesmachine[...] 1969-01-05
_[92] 뉴스 F.X. Smith Elected City Council Head https://timesmachine[...] 1969-01-09
_[93] 뉴스 Lindsay, Garelik and Beame Victors; Cahill Beats Meyner in New Jersey — Marchi Gets 20% — He Wins Enough Votes to Prevent Victory by Procaccino https://timesmachine[...] 1969-11-08
_[94] 뉴스 Sanford Garelik, Former Mayoral Candidate, Dies at 93 https://www.nytimes.[...] 2011-11-21
_[95] 뉴스 Mayor Lindsay's Second Term https://www.nytimes.[...] 1970-01-01
_[96] 뉴스 Beame Tops Democratic Primary But Must Face Badillo in Runoff; Hogan Turns Back Vanden Heuvel — 2D Place is Close — Biaggi Finishes Third in Mayoral Contest — Goldin Is Victor https://timesmachine[...] 1973-06-05
_[97] 뉴스 The Primary https://timesmachine[...] 1973-06-05
_[98] 뉴스 Paul O'Dwyer, New York's Liberal Battler For Underdogs and Outsiders, Dies at 90 https://www.nytimes.[...] 1998-06-25
_[99] 뉴스 Quiet Ceremony Held at Home https://timesmachine[...] 1974-01-01
_[100] 뉴스 Carol Bellamy Wins a Place in Runoff — State Senator to Face O'Dwyer in Council Presidency Race https://timesmachine[...] 1977-09-07
_[101] 뉴스 Easy Triumph by Miss Bellamy Opens Door to Top Council Post https://timesmachine[...] 1977-09-20
_[102] 뉴스 List of City Officers Who Were Sworn In https://www.nytimes.[...] 1978-01-02
_[103] 뉴스 The '85 Elections — Election Results in Voting Tuesday in City and on Long Island — Vote Totals for the Elections Held in New York and New Jersey https://www.nytimes.[...] 1985-11-07
_[104] 뉴스 Honoring Unisex Tradition https://www.nytimes.[...] 1986-01-03
_[105] 뉴스 Voters Guide — A Wide Field Battles for a Weakened Office https://www.nytimes.[...] 1993-09-12
_[106] 뉴스 The New Mayor: The Overview — Giuliani Urges Dream of Better City and End to Fear https://www.nytimes.[...] 1994-01-03
_[107] 뉴스 The 2001 Election: Mayor — Bloomberg Edges Green in Race for Mayor; McGreevey is an Easy Winner in New Jersey https://www.nytimes.[...] 2001-11-07
_[108] 뉴스 The New Mayor: The Overview — Giuliani Urges Dream of Better City and End to Fear https://www.nytimes.[...] 1994-01-03
_[109] 뉴스 Gotbaum declines to run for a third term https://www.nytimes.[...] The New York Times 2008-10-28
_[110] 뉴스 Public Advocate Takes a Challenging Tone, and Thoughts of 2013 Are Near https://www.nytimes.[...] The New York Times 2010-01-01
_[111] 웹사이트 Mayor – Citywide Recap http://vote.nyc.ny.u[...] NYC Board of Elections 2013-11-05
_[112] 웹사이트 Letitia James wins NYC Public Advocate Democratic runoff http://abclocal.go.c[...] WABC TV 2013-10-02
_[113] 뉴스 Breaking Barriers, Letitia James Is Elected New York Attorney General https://www.nytimes.[...] 2018-11-06
_[114] 웹사이트 As Acting Public Advocate, Johnson Eyes Information Commission Revived by James But Killed by De Blasio https://www.gothamga[...] 2019-01-15
_[115] 웹사이트 Jumaane Williams Wins Race for NYC Public Advocate http://www.nbcnewyor[...] 2019-04-15
_[116] 웹사이트 ValloneSr http://www.vallonela[...] 2024-10-18
_[117] 뉴스 Vallone Family Tries to Come to Terms with Term Limits https://www.nydailyn[...] 2024-10-18
_[118] 뉴스 A Very Different Council Ushers In New Leadership https://www.nytimes.[...] 2002-01-10
_[119] 뉴스 Council Wants to Extend Term Limits https://www.nytimes.[...] 2015-12-04
_[120] 뉴스 The New York Primary: The Council Speaker — Miller Loses Mayoral Bid but Vows to Try Again https://www.nytimes.[...] 2005-09-14
_[121] 뉴스 Council Ready to Fill the Job of Speaker https://www.nytimes.[...] 2006-01-03
_[122] 뉴스 In Quinn's Loss, Questions About Role of Gender and Sexuality https://www.nytimes.[...] 2013-09-12
_[123] 뉴스 Mayoral Ally Elected Speaker, Furthering City's Liberal Shift https://www.nytimes.[...] 2014-01-08
_[124] 웹사이트 Caucuses https://council.nyc.[...] 2024-09-26
_[125] 뉴스 Metro Briefing New York: Manhattan: Raises For Elected Officials Approved https://www.nytimes.[...] The New York Times 2006-12-06
_[126] 문서 New York City Charter http://www.nyc.gov/h[...]
_[127] 서적 Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide https://www.wshein.c[...] Wm. S. Hein Publishing
_[128] 서적 Adopting Local Laws in New York State http://www.dos.ny.go[...] New York State Department of State 1998-05
_[129] 웹사이트 About the Law Department http://www.nyc.gov/h[...] New York City Law Department 2013-06-16
_[130] 문서 後にニューヨーク市長に選出される。
_[131] 문서 前任市長の任期中の死去により代理市長となった。
_[132] 문서 市民選挙以外で市長に選出される。
_[133] 문서 後に[[ニューヨーク州知事]]に選出される。
_[134] 문서 後にニューヨーク市長に立候補するも破れる。
_[135] 문서 James Bradley accompanying the article on "City Council" in ''[[The Encyclopedia of New York City]]'', edited by [[Kenneth T. Jackson]] ([[Yale University Press]] and The [[New York Historical Society]], [[New Haven, Connecticut]], 1995, ISBN 0-300-05536-6)
_[136] 웹인용 Committees https://council.nyc.[...] New York City Council 2022-06-03
_[137] 웹인용 Charter of the City of New York, Chapter 2 §25(a) https://nyccharter.r[...]
_[138] 서적 Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide https://www.wshein.c[...]
_[139] 서적 Adopting Local Laws in New York State https://www.dos.ny.g[...] 2014-05-02
_[140] 간행물 Proposed Charter for the City of New York
_[141] 웹인용 A Brief History of Proportional Representation in the United States https://www.mtholyok[...] 2014-04-30
_[142] 문서 Andrews v. Koch
_[143] 웹인용 The Role of the Public Advocate https://archive.advo[...] Office of NYC Public Advocate Bill de Blasio 2020-04-28
_[144] 웹인용 Betsy Gotbaum, the Advocate, Struggles to Reach Her Public https://www.nytimes.[...] 2002-12-02
_[145] 서적 Making It Here: A Publication in Honor of the First Female Majority in New York City Government https://www.laguardi[...] LaGuardia and Wagner Archives
_[146] 웹인용 The Next City Council Set To Be Most Diverse, Progressive, And Hold First-Ever Female Majority https://gothamist.co[...] 2021-07-07