지하디즘

3. 역사

이슬람 극단주의는 서기 7세기 하와리즈가 등장하면서 이슬람 초기 역사로 거슬러 올라간다.^[44] 무슬림 사이의 하와리즈, 수니 및 시아 간 최초의 분열은 무함마드가 사망한 후 무슬림 공동체 (''움마'')의 지도력에 대한 정치적 및 종교적 계승을 두고 논쟁이 벌어지면서 발생했다.^[44] 하와리즈는 본질적으로 정치적인 입장에서, 주류 수니와 시아 무슬림 모두와 구별되는 극단적인 교리를 발전시켰다.^[44] 시아는 알리 이븐 아비 탈리브가 무함마드의 진정한 후계자라고 믿는 반면, 수니는 아부 바크르를 그 지위를 가지고 있다고 간주한다. 하와리즈는 제1차 피트나 (첫 번째 이슬람 내전) 동안 시아와 수니 모두에게서 떨어져 나왔다.^[44] 그들은 특히 ''타크피르'' (파문)에 대한 급진적인 접근 방식을 채택한 것으로 유명하며, 이를 통해 그들은 수니와 시아 무슬림 모두를 불신자 (''kuffār'') 또는 거짓 무슬림 (''munāfiḳūn'')으로 선언하여 그들의 인식된 배교 (''ridda'')에 대해 사형에 해당한다고 간주했다.^[44][45][46]

3. 1. 주요 분파

4. 신념

지하디스트들은 지하드를 모든 무슬림의 개인적 의무(''파르드 '아인'')로 간주한다. 이는 전통적인 이슬람 해석에서 지하드를 무슬림 공동체의 합법적인 대표자의 명령에 따라 수행되는 "집단적 의무"(''파르드 알-키파야'')로 보는 것과 대조적이다.^[6] 이들은 오늘날의 무슬림 지도자들이 정당성이 없고 정당화된 폭력을 명령할 권한이 없다고 믿기 때문에 모든 무슬림이 지하드에 참여해야 한다고 주장한다.^[6]

5. 종교 간 갈등

지하디스트들은 이슬람 이외의 종교, 심지어 다른 이슬람 종파에 대해서도 적대적인 태도를 보인다. 반(反) 시크교, 반 힌두교, 반 불교, 반 유대교, 반 기독교, 반 조로아스터교, 반 이교도, 반 무신론 등 다양한 종교 및 신념에 대한 공격이 발생했다.^[1]

19세기 초, 사이드 아흐메드 바렐비는 시크교 권력에 저항하고 공격하기 위한 지하디즘 세력을 형성했다. 이들은 영국에 초점을 두기 전에 인도 서부 펀자브 지역에 집중되어 있던 시크교 권력에 공격을 가했다. 1826년부터 1831년 사이에 왈리울라의 가르침은 시크교도에 반대하는 지하디즘에 직접적인 영향을 미쳤다.^[2]

무함마드 생존 당시, 메카 내부를 포함해 이교도에 대한 광범위한 박해가 존재했다. 예언자 무함마드가 직접 참여했던 바드르 전투와 트렌치 전투가 이교도에 대한 박해의 단적인 사례이다.^[3]

6. 종파 간 갈등

수니파 지하디스트들은 시아파 무슬림을 배교자로 간주하여 공격하는 경우가 많다.^[85] 이라크와 시리아 내전에서 IS는 시아파 민간인에 대한 대량 학살을 자행했다. 예멘의 후티 반군은 시아파의 분파인 자이드파에 속하며, 사우디아라비아 주도의 개입에 맞서 '지하드'를 외치고 있다.^[91][92]

7. 주요 분쟁

소련-아프가니스탄 전쟁 (1979-1989)은 지하디스트 경향을 무슬림 세계의 주요 세력으로 증폭시켰다.^[64] 이 전쟁으로 병력, 지도력, 조직이 생겨났고, 압둘라 유수프 아잠은 아프간 대의를 위한 선전을 제공했다. 종전 후, 참전 지하디스트들은 고국으로 돌아가 알제리, 보스니아, 체첸 등 무슬림 관련 분쟁 지역으로 흩어져 초국가적 지하디스트 흐름을 만들었다.^[65]

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