라시드 리다

3. 주요 사상

무함마드 라시드 리다는 이슬람 사회의 쇠퇴 원인을 내부적으로는 타락한 종교 관행과 맹목적인 전통 추종(타클리드)을, 외부적으로는 서구 제국주의와 식민주의를 지적했다.^[258] 그는 초기 이슬람의 순수성을 회복하고 현대 사회에 맞게 이슬람 율법(샤리아)을 재해석해야 한다고 주장했다. 이를 위해 이즈티하드(독자적인 법률 해석)를 강조하고 타클리드를 비판했다.^[259]

정치적으로 리다는 이슬람 세계를 통합하기 위해 칼리파 제도의 부흥을 주장했으며, 슈라(슈우라) 개념을 도입하여 민주적인 정부 운영을 제시했다.^[258]

리다는 샤리아가 숭배(이바다)와 사회적 관계(무아말라트)로 구성되며, 무슬림은 꾸란과 하디스 등 이성에 따른 명령에 충실해야 한다고 말했다. 그는 사회적 관계를 규정하는 법은 이슬람 윤리와 일치해야 하지만, 변화하는 사회적 상황에 따라 재평가될 필요가 있다고 보았다.^[256] 또한, 리다는 이슬람 사회와 무슬림에게 샤리아 준수가 필수적이며, 샤리아를 버리고 새로운 법을 도입하려는 통치자는 종교심이 없는 사람이라고 비판했다.^[259]

리다는 수피즘의 난행과 율마(울라마)의 부패를 비난하며, 이들이 이슬람 사회와 과학 발전의 저해 요인이라고 생각했다.^[258] 그는 이슬람 부흥 운동(살라피야)을 통해 서구의 영향력을 배제하고 이즈티하드 이론을 현대 사회에 적용함으로써 무슬림이 자신감을 회복할 수 있다고 믿었다.^[259]

محمد رشيد رضا^ar는 초기 이슬람 공동체(살라프)의 모범을 따르는 것을 강조했다. 수피즘의 일부 관행, 성인 숭배, 무덤 숭배 등을 비판하고, 순수한 유일신 신앙(타우히드)으로 돌아갈 것을 촉구했다. 이븐 타이미야의 사상을 계승하여, 이슬람 신앙과 실천의 근거를 꾸란과 순나에 두어야 한다고 주장했다.^[110]

محمد رشيد رضا|무함마드 라시드 리다^ar는 서구 제국주의와 식민주의를 이슬람 세계의 가장 큰 위협으로 보았다. 그는 서구 문명의 물질주의, 세속주의, 도덕적 타락을 비판하고 이슬람 문명의 고유한 가치를 지켜야 한다고 주장했다.^{[79][86][87][88]} 그는 민주주의를 "식민지 사기"라고 규정하고 서구 열강과의 중재 시도를 더 이상 하지 않았다.^[79]

리다는 시온주의 운동을 팔레스타인과 이슬람 세계 전체에 대한 위협으로 간주하고 강력하게 반대했다.^[163] 1914년 3월, 리다는 ''알마나르''에서 청년튀르크당이 팔레스타인의 시오니스트들을 지원하고 있으며, 시오니스트들이 "팔레스타인에서 유프라테스 강까지" 유대 국가를 세우려 한다고 비난했다. 그는 유대교 전통의 약속의 땅에 단 한 명의 무슬림도 남지 않을 것이라고 경고했다.^[81] 그는 시온주의자들의 궁극적인 야망이 알 아크사 사원을 회당으로 바꾸고 팔레스타인에서 모든 아랍인 주민들을 몰아내는 것이라고 생각했다.^{[164][165][166]}

رشيد رضا|라시드 리다^ar는 이슬람에서의 여성의 권리와 역할을 옹호했다. 그는 이슬람 율법에 따라 남성과 여성이 영적인 의무와 신의 은총을 얻는 능력 면에서 동등하다고 믿었다.^[187]

رشيد رضا|라시드 리다^ar는 일부다처제를 허용하면서도, 여성의 교육과 사회 참여를 장려했다. 그는 무슬림 여성이 정치에 직접 참여하는 것은 원하지 않았지만, 협회를 통해 이슬람 교육 확대를 요구하는 등의 활동은 지지했다.^{[187][157][188]}

3. 1. 이슬람 개혁 (이슬라흐)

3. 2. 살라피주의

3. 3. 범이슬람주의와 칼리파 제도

3. 4. 반서구주의와 반시온주의

3. 5. 여성 문제

4. 영향과 유산

라시드 리다는 20세기 이슬람 세계의 다양한 개혁 운동과 이슬람주의 운동에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 그의 저술과 『알 마나르』는 전 세계 무슬림들에게 널리 읽히며, 이슬람 부흥과 개혁에 대한 논의를 촉발했다.^{[222][223][224][225][226]} 그는 현대 이슬람 국가 발전에 중요한 이론적 기반을 제공했다.^[227]

특히, 하산 알반나의 무슬림 형제단은 리다의 살라피즘 운동과 범이슬람주의 활동에 큰 영향을 받아 이슬람 국가 재건을 목표로 했다.^{[236][237][238][239][122][79]} 리다의 반서구 감정은 살라피 지하디즘 이데올로기의 기초를 마련하기도 했다.^[112][240]

리다는 반시온주의를 주장하며 시온주의를 비난하는 기사를 발표했고,^[163] 그의 반유대주의적 고정관념과 음모론은 아랍 세계와 여러 이슬람 운동에 영향을 미쳤다.^[172] 그는 이슬람 칼리파 부흥을 촉구하고 세속주의에 맞서 투쟁했다.^[152][209] 또한 와하비즘을 지지하며 사우디아라비아의 이븐 사우드를 이슬람 부흥의 희망으로 여겼다.^[84][103]

리다의 사상은 인도네시아의 무하마디야와 알제리의 율마 협회 등 여러 단체에 영향을 주었다.^[257]

4. 1. 한국에 미친 영향

5. 비판과 논란

리다의 사상은 일부 학자들로부터 비판을 받기도 한다. 그의 사상은 여전히 논쟁의 대상이며, 다양한 관점에서 평가되고 있다. 주요 비판은 다음과 같다:

• 무함마드 아브두(Muhammad Abduh) 사상의 재해석: 리다는 무함마드 아브두의 사상을 살라피즘 교리에 부합하도록 재해석하고, 그의 저서를 편집하여 근대주의적 신념을 삭제하거나 무시했다는 비판을 받는다.^[56][57]
• 오스만 제국 및 청년 튀르크당에 대한 입장 변화: 리다는 초기에는 오스만 제국을 지지했지만, 이후 청년 튀르크당을 비판하며 아랍 분리주의를 옹호하는 입장으로 선회했다. 이러한 입장 변화는 일관성이 부족하다는 비판을 받는다.^{[72][73][75][77][78]}
• 아랍 민족주의와의 관계: 리다는 아랍 협회(Jam'iyyat ul-Jami'a al-Arabiyya)를 설립하여 아랍 통합을 추구했지만, 이집트 민족주의자들은 이를 오스만 제국으로부터의 분리 및 아랍 칼리파 수립을 위한 음모로 간주하여 비판했다.^{[73][74][75][77][78]}

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_[116] 학술지 The Construction Ofsalafiyya: Reconsidering Salafism from the Perspective of Conceptual History 2010-07-15
_[117] 서적 The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century Columbia University Press
_[118] 서적 The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century Columbia University Press
_[119] 서적 The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century Columbia University Press
_[120] 서적 Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal Criticism Cambridge University Press
_[121] 서적 Arab nationalism: An anthology University of California Press
_[122] 서적 Revolt Against Modernity: Muslim Zealots and the West Brill
_[123] 서적 Modern Trends in Islam The University of Chicago Press
_[124] 서적 A Concise History of the Arabs The New Press
_[125] 서적 The Clerics of Islam: Religious Authority and Political Power in Saudi Arabia Yale University Press
_[126] thesis The Evolution of the Salafiyya in the Twentieth Century Through the Life and Thought of Taqi al-Din al-Hilali http://hdl.handle.ne[...] Georgetown University
_[127] 서적 Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God Routledge
_[128] 학술지 The Construction Ofsalafiyya: Reconsidering Salafism from the Perspective of Conceptual History 2010-07-15
_[129] 서적 The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century Columbia University Press
_[130] thesis The Evolution of the Salafiyya in the Twentieth Century Through the Life and Thought of Taqi al-Din al-Hilali http://hdl.handle.ne[...] Georgetown University
_[131] 서적 Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya Walter De Gruyter
_[132] 웹사이트 Background and Methodology of the Deoband Seminary https://www.deoband.[...] 2011-06-00
_[133] 서적 The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century Columbia University Press
_[134] 논문 In Defense of Tradition: Muhammad Nasir Al-Din Al-Albani and the Salafi Method Princeton University
_[135] 서적 The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century Columbia University Press
_[136] 서적 Christian Criticisms, Islamic Proofs One World Publications
_[137] 서적 Jamharat Maqalat Allamah As-Shaykh Ahmad Muhammad Shakir https://archive.org/[...] Dar al-Riyadh
_[138] 학술지 Identifying Maqasid al-Qur'an: A Critical Analysis Of Rashid Rida's Views https://www.research[...] International Islamic University Malaysia 2011-03-00
_[139] 학술지 The Triumph of the Second Leaders: Ahmad Khatib and Rashīd Ridā in Islamic Reform in Indonesia https://journal.umy.[...] 2021-12-00
_[140] 학술지 Governing the Living and the Dead: Mecca and the Emergence of the Saudi Biopolitical State https://academic.oup[...] 2017-04-00
_[141] 서적 Conflict Between the Prophet Muhammad and the Mushrikin of Quraysh, During the Meccan Period in Arabic Literature
_[142] 서적 Debating al-Ḥākimiyyah and Takfīr in Salafism: The Genesis of Intra-Salafī Schism in the 1990s https://ore.exeter.a[...] Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter
_[143] 서적 Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam Oxford University Press
_[144] 서적 Holy Wars: The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism Routledge: Taylor & Francis
_[145] 학술지 Wahhabism, Salafism and the Expansion of Islamic Fundamentalist Ideology University of Iasi
_[146] 학술지 2023-03-00
_[147] 논문 In Defense of Tradition: Muhammad Nasir Al-Din Al-Albani and the Salafi Method Princeton University
_[148] 서적 Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World http://library.oapen[...] 2006-09-27
_[149] 서적 Rethinking Islamic Legal Modernism Brill Publishers
_[150] 웹사이트 Rashid Rida's Legacy https://www.research[...] 2008-01-00
_[151] 논문 In Defense of Tradition: Muhammad Nasir Al-Din Al-Albani and the Salafi Method Princeton University
_[152] 서적 ISLAM AND MODERNISM IN EGYPT: A STUDY OF THE MODERN REFORM MOVEMENT INAUGURATED BY MUHAMMAD 'ABDUH Russell & Russell
_[153] 서적 Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad 'Abduh and Rashid Rida University of California Press
_[154] 서적 Canonical Texts. Bearers of Absolute Authority. Bible, Koran, Veda, Tipitaka: A Phenomenological Study Brill Rodopi
_[155] 서적 Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought Cambridge University Press
_[156] 서적 The Father of Jihad Imperial College Press
_[157] 서적 Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror Yale University Press
_[158] 서적 A Concise History of the Arabs The New Press
_[159] 서적 Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad 'Abduh and Rashid Rida University of California Press
_[160] 서적 The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? Oxford University Press Inc.
_[161] 서적 The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism Columbia University Press
_[162] 학술지 Responses of Prominent Arabs Towards Zionist Aspirations and Colonization Prior to 1908 https://www.academia[...] 2007-00-00
_[163] 학술지 Responses of Prominent Arabs Towards Zionist Aspirations and Colonization Prior to 1908 https://www.academia[...] 2007-00-00
_[164] 웹사이트 The 'War Against Islam': How a Conspiracy Theory Drove and Shaped the Islamist Movement https://eeradicaliza[...] 2019-12-06
_[165] 웹사이트 Rashid Rida's Legacy https://www.research[...] 2008-01-00
_[166] 학술지 Zionism as told by Rashid Rida http://dx.doi.org/10[...] Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 2015-00-00
_[167] 서적 The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives Actes Sud
_[168] 서적 The Arabs and the Holocaust:The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives Actes Sud
_[169] 학술지 The "Jew" as a Metaphor for Evil in Arab Public Discourse http://dx.doi.org/10[...] Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group 2015-00-00
_[170] 서적 The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives Actes Sud
_[171] 웹사이트 The 'War Against Islam': How a Conspiracy Theory Drove and Shaped the Islamist Movement https://eeradicaliza[...] 2019-12-06
_[172] 서적 A Concise History of the Arabs The New Press
_[173] 웹사이트 Rashid Rida's Legacy https://www.research[...] 2008-01-00
_[174] 학술지 Zionism as told by Rashid Rida http://dx.doi.org/10[...] Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 2015-00-00
_[175] 서적 The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives Actes Sud
_[176] 논문 Thawrat Filastin https://archive.org/[...]
_[177] 논문 Zionism as told by Rashid Rida http://dx.doi.org/10[...] Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 2015-01-01
_[178] 서적 The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives Actes Sud
_[179] 서적 Islamic Reformism and Christianity: A Critical Reading of the Works of Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā and His Associates (1898–1935) https://www.jstor.or[...] Brill
_[180] 논문 Arab Religious Nationalism in the Colonial Era: Rereading Rashīd Riḍā's Ideas on the Caliphate http://www.jstor.org[...] 2008-10-21
_[181] 웹사이트 Rashid Rida's Legacy https://www.research[...] 2008-01-01
_[182] 서적 The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century Columbia University Press
_[183] 논문 The Dilemmas of Pan-Islamic Unity https://www.hudson.o[...] 2023-05-09
_[184] 논문 Rashid Rida on the Bahai Faith: A Utilitarian Theory of the Spread of Religions http://www.jstor.org[...] 1983-01-01
_[185] 서적 Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection Oxford University Press
_[186] 논문 A Dialogue on the Baha'i Faith https://www.h-net.or[...]
_[187] 서적 Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal Criticism Cambridge University Press
_[188] 웹사이트 هل استشكل العلماء السابقون ضرب الزوجة الناشز؟ (2) https://www.aljazeer[...] 2022-02-22
_[189] 서적 Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798–1939 Cambridge University Press
_[190] 서적 Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal Criticism Cambridge University Press
_[191] 서적 Muslim Principles of Marrying al-Kitabiyyah and its practice in Malawi Rand Afrikaans University
_[192] 서적 Muslims in Interfaith Marriages in the West McMaster University
_[193] 논문 Economic thought of Ibn al-Qayyim (1292–1350) https://www.research[...] King Abdulaziz University 1982-01-01
_[194] 서적 Interest in Islamic Economics: Understanding Riba Routledge Islamic Studies
_[195] 서적 A Concise History of the Arabs The New Press
_[196] 서적 Islam and the Moral Economy Cambridge University Press
_[197] 논문 The Riba-Interest Equivalence: Is there an Ijma (consensus)? https://papers.ssrn.[...] 2007-09-01
_[198] 서적 The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought Princeton University Press
_[199] 논문 The First Translations of the Qur'an in Modern Turkey (1924–38) https://www.macalest[...] Cambridge University Press 2009-01-01
_[200] 논문 A Study of the Fatwa by Rashid Rida on the Trnaslation of the Qur'an https://www.academia[...] 2001-10-01
_[201] 서적 Oxford Islamic Legal Studies: Sharī'a and Muslim Minorities Oxford University Press
_[202] 서적 Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad 'Abduh and Rashid Rida University of California Press
_[203] 논문 Reconceptualizing the Global Transformation of Islam in the Colonial Period: Early Islamic Reform in British-Ruled India and Egypt https://brill.com/vi[...] Brill 2022-06-29
_[204] 서적 Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law https://books.google[...] Oxford University Press 2005-01-01
_[205] 서적 Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad 'Abduh and Rashid Rida University of California Press
_[206] 서적 The Muhammadan Revelation Al-Saadawi Publications
_[207] 논문 Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism Routledge: Taylor & Francis group
_[208] 논문 Modern Trends in Islamic Education http://dx.doi.org/10[...] Routledge
_[209] 웹사이트 Muhammad Rashid Rida... When Reformism Rejects Rationalism and Secularism! https://marayana.com[...] 2021-06-17
_[210] 서적 The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century Columbia University Press
_[211] 서적 The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century Columbia University Press
_[212] 서적 Rethinking Islamic Legal Modernism Brill Publishers
_[213] 서적 Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad 'Abduh and Rashid Rida University of California Press
_[214] 웹사이트 Rashid Rida's Legacy https://www.research[...] 2008-01-00
_[215] 서적 The New Encyclopedia of Islam Altamira Press
_[216] 서적 Al-Khilafa aw al-Imama al-Uzma Matba'at al-Manar bi-Misr
_[217] 웹사이트 Rashid Rida's Legacy https://www.research[...] 2008-01-00
_[218] 학술지 Reconceptualizing the Global Transformation of Islam in the Colonial Period: Early Islamic Reform in British-Ruled India and Egypt https://brill.com/vi[...] Brill 2022-06-29
_[219] 서적 Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798–1939 Cambridge University Press
_[220] 서적 Oxford Islamic Legal Studies: Sharī'a and Muslim Minorities Oxford University Press
_[221] 서적 The Muhammadan Revelation Al-Saadawi Publications
_[222] 서적 Salafism in America https://extremism.gw[...] The George Washington University 2023-07-00
_[223] 서적 The idea of the Muslim world: A Global Intellectual History Harvard University Press
_[224] 서적 THE INFLUENCE OF AL-MANAR ON ISLAMISM IN TURKEY Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group
_[225] 웹사이트 The 'War Against Islam': How a Conspiracy Theory Drove and Shaped the Islamist Movement https://eeradicaliza[...] 2019-12-06
_[226] 서적 Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945 Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group
_[227] 서적 Muslim politics Princeton University Press
_[228] 서적 Hayat al-Albani wa-Athaaruhu wa 'Thanaa' ul-'Ulamaa Alayh https://archive.org/[...] Maktabat Al-Sarrawi
_[229] 서적 Man-made laws vs Shari'ah: Ruling by Laws other than what Allah Revealed https://www.kalamull[...] International Islamic Publishing House
_[230] 서적 Fataawa Rasheed Rida 2023-03-00
_[231] 웹사이트 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, Rashid Rida, Hasan al-Banna: Modernism, Revolution and the Muslim Brotherhood https://www.abukhade[...] 2017-03-23
_[232] 서적 The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century Columbia University Press
_[233] 서적 Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community Cambridge University Press
_[234] 서적 Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community Cambridge University Press
_[235] 서적 I AM A SALAFI: A Study of the Actual and Imagined Identities of Salafis Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Jordan & Iraq
_[236] 웹사이트 Muhammad Rashid Rida http://www.mideastwe[...] 2019-04-23
_[237] 서적 Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World Gale Publishers
_[238] 서적 Holy Wars: The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism Routledge: Taylor & Francis
_[239] 서적 The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives Actes Sud
_[240] 학술지 Islamic History & Al-Qaeda: A Primer to Understanding the Rise of Islamist Movements in the Modern World https://digitalcommo[...] PACE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW
_[241] 서적 The Temptation of Graves in Salafi Islam: Iconoclasm, Destruction and Idolatry Edinburgh University Press
_[242] 서적 The Inevitable Caliphate? – A History of the Struggle for Global Islamic Union, 1924 to the Present Oxford University Press
_[243] 웹사이트 البغدادي وحلم رشيد رضا https://www.alaraby.[...] 2014-10-18
_[244] 서적 Global Islam: A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press
_[245] 서적 Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi ʿUlama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia Oxford University Press
_[246] 서적 Exoneration https://fas.org/irp/[...]
_[247] 서적 Priorities of The Islamic Movement in The Coming Phase Awakening Publications
_[248] 웹사이트 من أعلام المعاصرين .. "محمد رشيد رضا" https://nasehoon.org[...] 2021-07-16
_[249] 서적 Salafism in Nigeria Islam, Preaching, and Politics Cambridge University Press
_[250] 웹사이트 مشايخ الشيخ محمد بن عثيمين - رحمهم الله - وأثرهم في تكوينه https://www.alukah.n[...] 2014-11-03
_[251] 서적 Salafism in America The George Washington University
_[252] 서적 The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century Columbia University Press
_[253] 서적 Saudi Arabia in Transition: Insights on Social, Political, Economic and Religious Change http://scholar.dicki[...] Cambridge University Press 2021-04-05
_[254] 웹사이트 Extricating Shaykh Rashid Rida's Efforts From Akram Nadwi's Deviance – Jinn Possession. The Ahl al-Hadith and Najdi Associations https://www.salafiri[...] 2019-08-22
_[255] 웹사이트 Rashid Rida's Legacy https://www.research[...] 2008-01
_[256] 서적 Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World Thompson Gale
_[257] 서적 世界の歴史20 近代イスラームの挑戦 中公文庫
_[258] 서적 The New Encyclopedia of Islam Altamira Press
_[259] 서적 Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics Yale University Press