윌리엄 크룩스

3. 서훈 및 수상

• 1875년 로열 메달^[77]
• 1888년 데이비 메달
• 1897년 기사작위(Knight Bachelor) 서임^[80]
• 1899년 앨버트 메달
• 1904년 코플리 메달
• 1910년 메리트 훈장(OM)^[81]
• 1912년 엘리엇 크레슨 메달

4. 평가 및 영향

윌리엄 크룩스는 분광 분석 방법을 통해 1861년 탈륨을 발견했으며,^{[30][16][15][8]} 크룩스관을 개발하여 음극선을 연구했다. 이는 전자 발견과 브라운관 개발로 이어져 현대 전자 기술의 기반을 마련했다.^[17][18][26] 또한, 신타리 스코프를 고안하여 핵 방사능 연구에 기여했다.^{[30][20][21][22]}

크룩스는 1898년 영국 과학 진흥 협회 회장 취임 연설에서 1930년대에 질소 비료 부족으로 인한 식량 위기가 올 것이라고 경고했다.^[78] 그는 화학자들에게 대기 중 질소를 이용한 비료 생산 방법을 개발할 것을 촉구했고, 이는 프리츠 하버와 칼 보쉬의 하버-보슈 공정 개발로 이어져 인류를 기근의 위협에서 벗어나게 했다.^[79]

그러나 크룩스는 심령 연구에도 깊이 관여하여 논란의 대상이 되기도 했다. 그는 영매 플로렌스 쿡이 일으킨 현상이 진짜라고 주장했지만,^[73] 많은 과학자들은 그가 속았다고 생각했다. 특히 플로렌스 쿡과의 관계는 그의 명성에 흠집을 남겼다는 평가도 있다.^{[61][62][63][64][65]}

참조

_[1] 백과사전
_[2] 학술지 Obituary notices: Sir William Crookes, O.M., 1832–1919; Thomas Fairley, 1843–1919; Walter William Fisher, 1842–1920; Antoine Paul Nicolas Franchimont, 1844–1919; Harold Cecil Greenwood, 1887–1919; Charles Edward Groves, 1841–1920; John Holmes, 1871–1919; Sir Boverton Redwood, Bart., 1846–1919; John Charles Umney, 1868–1919 1920
_[3] 웹사이트 William Crookes: Covert Resources and a Mentor, 1871–81. By the late Derek R. Guttery. http://www.bshr.org.[...]
_[4] ODNB Crookes, Sir William (1832–1919), chemist and science journalist https://www.oxforddn[...]
_[5] 서적 William Crookes (1832–1919) and the Commercialization of Science Routledge
_[6] 서적 Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph Imperial College Press
_[7] 서적 Masters of achievement; the world's greatest leaders in literature, art, religion, philosophy, science, politics and industry https://books.google[...] The Frontier press company 2019-12-07
_[8] 학술지 Spectroscopy and the Elements in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Work of Sir William Crookes 1973
_[9] 학술지 On the existence of a new element, probably of the sulphur group https://books.google[...] 1861-04
_[10] 간행물 Further remarks on the supposed new metalloid https://books.google[...] 1861-05-18
_[11] 간행물 Preliminary researches on thallium 1862-06-19
_[12] 간행물 De l'existencè d'un nouveau métal, le thallium http://gallica2.bnf.[...] 1862-05-16
_[13] 학술지 The discovery of the elements: XVI. The rare earth elements
_[14] 학술지 The discovery of the elements. XIII. Supplementary note on the discovery of thallium
_[15] 서적 The discovery of the elements https://archive.org/[...] Journal of Chemical Education 1956
_[16] 학술지 Rediscovery of the elements: Thallium, Crookes, and Lamy http://www.chem.unt.[...] 2019-12-30
_[17] 서적 Transactions, Volume 9 https://books.google[...] Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club
_[18] 서적 A Fourth State of Matter. Lecture delivered before the Franklin Institute, 17 February 1881 https://books.google[...] Franklin Institute (Philadelphia, Pa.)
_[19] 서적 On Radiant Matter. Lecture delivered before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at Sheffield, Friday, 22 August 1879 https://books.google[...] D. Appleton
_[20] 간행물 Certain Properties of the Emanations of Radium
_[21] 웹사이트 The Crookes Spinthariscope https://www.orau.org[...] Oak Ridge Associated Universities 2021-10-11
_[22] 서적 The Restless Atom: The Awakening of Nuclear Physics https://books.google[...] Anchor Books 2013-05-02
_[23] 서적 Radio-activity induced by the oscillatory discharge, or, The subsequent radio-active emanation from substances exposed to the Tesla oscillatory discharge https://books.google[...] Cornell University
_[24] 서적 Chemist & Druggist, Volume 60 https://books.google[...] Benn Brothers.
_[25] 문서 Negatively electrified particles whose mass is only 1/1840 that of a hydrogen atom
_[26] 서적 X-ray imaging : fundamentals, industrial techniques, and applications https://books.google[...] CRC Press 2019-12-07
_[27] 학술지 On Attraction and Repulsion Resulting from Radiation https://zenodo.org/r[...] 1874-01-01
_[28] 학술지 Untersuchungen über die Druckkräfte des Lichtes https://zenodo.org/r[...]
_[29] 특허 Improvement in Apparatus For Indicating The Intensity of Radiation
_[30] 서적 William Crookes (1832–1919) and the Commercialization of Science https://books.google[...] Routledge 2019-12-07
_[31] 웹사이트 APS Member History https://search.amphi[...] 2021-05-24
_[32] 학술지 Argon and the Periodic System: the Piece that Would not Fit 2001
_[33] 웹사이트 Crookes' spiral periodic system https://collection.s[...] 2019-12-12
_[34] 웹사이트 3-Dimensional Periodic Table formulations https://www.meta-syn[...] 2019-12-12
_[35] 웹사이트 Periodic table in the style of a space lemniscate https://digital.scie[...] 2019-12-12
_[36] 논문 Champion of Victorian Science https://www.scienceh[...] Science History Institute 2009-04-11
_[37] 서적 The Alchemy of Air Three Rivers Press 2008
_[38] 서적 Uranium : mineralogy, geochemistry and the environment https://books.google[...] Mineralogical Society of America 2018-05-07
_[39] 서적 Understanding the universe : from quarks to the cosmos https://books.google[...] World Scientific 2012
_[40] 웹사이트 Crookes lens definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary https://www.collinsd[...]
_[41] 논문 Sir William Crookes' anti-glare glasses 2018-06-03
_[42] 서적 William Crookes (1832-1919) and the Commercialization of Science https://books.google[...] Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2018-06-03
_[43] 웹사이트 The College of Optometrists http://museyeum.org/[...]
_[44] 웹사이트 Optical connnections: The work of Sir William Crookes – Optician https://www.optician[...] 2018-06-03
_[45] 뉴스 Out of the shade https://www.thetimes[...] 2015-11-09
_[46] 웹사이트 Coblentz, W. W.; Emerson, W. B. ''Glasses for protecting eyes from injurious radiations.'' (1st ed.) 1916-11-14 https://nvlpubs.nist[...]
_[47] 웹사이트 Sir William Crookes' U "Ultimate" Anti-Glare Formula OPHTHALMIC LENSES tinted lens samples set, Sir William Crookes Anti-Glare Glass Co Ltd; Melson Wingate Ltd – British Optical Association Museum – The College of Optometrists http://museyeum.org/[...]
_[48] 웹사이트 The Ultra-Violet Limit of Chance's 'Crookes' Glasses Compared with White Spectacle Glass and Some Common Tinted Glasses – Chance Brothers & Co. Ltd Smethwick, Birmingham, England 1920s (Promotional chart reproducing in black and white a spectral chart comparing various types of glass used for ophthalmic lenses. Landscape format, printed on one side only of a single sheet of white paper.) – British Optical Association Museum – The College of Optometrists http://museyeum.org/[...]
_[49] 웹사이트 Colorless crookes glass https://patents.goog[...]
_[50] 논문 Commonsense and Sir William Crookes https://books.google[...] 1974-12-26
_[51] 서적 The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914 Cambridge University Press 1988
_[52] 서적 Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography Routledge 2007
_[53] 서적 Species, Serpents, Spirits, and Skulls: Science at the Margins in the Victorian Age State University of New York Press 2010
_[54] 서적 Faces of the Living dead: The Belief in Spirit Photography Miegunyah Press 2006
_[55] 서적 Masters of the Occult Dodd, Mead & Company 1971
_[56] 서적 Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination Dover Publications 2011
_[57] 서적 Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking Psychology Press 2014
_[58] 서적 The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism Grant Richards, London 1917
_[59] 서적 Species, Serpents, Spirits, and Skulls: Science at the Margins in the Victorian Age State University of New York Press 2010
_[60] 서적 The Psychic Mafia Prometheus Books 1997
_[61] 서적 The Spiritualists: The Story of Florence Cook and William Crookes Helix Press 1963
_[62] 논문 Unsavoury Spirits https://books.google[...] 1985-07-18
_[63] 논문 Scientists and the Supernormal https://books.google[...] 1983-06-16
_[64] 서적 The New Apocrypha: A Guide to Strange Sciences and Occult Beliefs Panther 1974
_[65] 서적 Victorian Women and the Theatre of Trance: Mediums, Spiritualists McFarland 2009
_[66] 논문 Anna Eva Fay: The Mentalist Who Baffled Sir William Crookes 2000
_[67] 서적 A Magician Among the Spirits Cambridge University Press 2011
_[68] 서적 Physics and Psychics: The Search for a World Beyond the Senses Prometheus Books 1990
_[69] 논문 Review of Presidential Address to the Society for Psychical Research, by W. Crookes 1897
_[70] 서적 The sorcerer of kings : the case of Daniel Dunglas Home and William Crookes Prometheus Books 1993
_[71] 저널 Was Crookes A Crook? http://www.readcube.[...]
_[72] 서적 The Place of Enchantment: British Occultism and the Culture of the Modern University of Chicago Press
_[73] 웹사이트 Crookes; Sir; William (1832 - 1919) 2011-12-11
_[74] 간행물 KO・NO・YO 신潮社 2008-01-01
_[75] 서적 霊はあるか 講談社 2002-09-20
_[76] 백과사전 윌리엄 크룩스 [William Crookes] 두산백과 두피디아, 두산백과
_[77] 백과사전 크룩스 [William Crookes] 인명사전편찬위원회 2002-01-10
_[78] 뉴스 인류 배 불린 기술, 무기로 돌아와 https://www.joongang[...] 중앙일보 2015-09-19
_[79] 서적 The Alchemy of Air Three Rivers Press
_[80] 저널 The London Gazette https://www.thegazet[...] 1897-08-10
_[81] 저널 The London Gazette https://www.thegazet[...] 1910-07-08