인공지진

3. 인공지진 탐사 및 관측

인공지진은 지하 구조를 파악하기 위한 탐사에도 활용된다. 폭약, 에어건, 바이브로사이즈 등 다양한 인공 진원을 사용하여 지진파를 발생시키고, 이를 분석하여 지하 구조를 추정한다. 이러한 방법은 지진파 토모그래피 등에도 활용된다.^[114]

인공 지진을 발생시키는 주요 진원은 다음과 같다.

• '''폭약''': 주로 다이너마이트가 사용된다. 기존의 일반적인 진원이지만, 위험물 취급이 어렵고 진원 주변에 악영향이 크기 때문에 폭약 이외의 "비폭약 진원"으로 전환되고 있다.
• '''에어건''': 수중에서 압축 공기를 방출한다. (폭약과 함께) 수중에서 자주 사용된다.

• '''워터건''': 수중에 물을 방출한다. 에어건과 달리, 소음원이 되는 기포가 발생하지 않는다.
• '''스파커''': 수중에서 방전시킨다. 주파수가 높기 때문에 미세 구조 탐사에 적합하다.
• '''썸퍼''': 질량(추)을 지면에 낙하시킨다.
• '''바이브로사이즈''': 질량을 기계에 진동시켜 스위프파를 발생시킨다. 순간적인 펄스파가 아니기 때문에 진원 주변에 미치는 영향이 적다.

4. 위험 분석 및 관리

인공지진은 자연지진과 마찬가지로 재산 및 인명 피해를 유발할 수 있으므로, 위험 분석 및 관리가 필요하다.

지질학적 탄소 포집에서 이산화탄소는 지진을 유발할 가능성이 있다. 따라서 연구자들은 주입으로 인해 유발되는 지진의 위험을 모니터링하고 모델링하는 방법을 개발했다. 모니터링은 지오폰과 같은 기기를 사용하여 지면의 움직임을 측정하는 방식으로 수행된다. 일반적으로 주입 현장 주변에 기기 네트워크를 사용하지만, 현재 많은 이산화탄소 주입 현장에서는 모니터링 장치를 사용하지 않는다. 모델링은 유발 지진의 가능성을 평가하는 중요한 기술이며, 물리적 모델과 수치 모델 두 가지가 주로 사용된다. 물리적 모델은 프로젝트 초기 단계의 측정값을 사용하여 더 많은 이산화탄소가 주입되면 프로젝트가 어떻게 작동할지 예측한다. 반면, 수치 모델은 수치적 방법을 사용하여 저장소 내에서 일어나는 현상을 시뮬레이션한다. 모델링과 모니터링은 모두 주입 유발 지진과 관련된 위험을 정량화하고 더 잘 이해하며 완화하는 데 유용한 도구이다.^[11]

탄소 저장과 관련된 유발 지진 위험을 평가하려면 암석 파열의 메커니즘을 이해해야 한다. Mohr-Coulomb 파괴 기준은 단층면에서의 전단 파괴를 설명한다.^[68] 일반적으로 파괴는 전단 응력 증가, 수직 응력 감소, 공극 압력 증가와 같은 여러 메커니즘으로 인해 기존 단층에서 발생한다.^[11] 초임계 이산화탄소(CO₂)의 주입은 저장소의 응력을 변화시켜 주변 단층에서 잠재적인 파괴를 유발한다. 또한 유체 주입은 저장소의 공극 압력을 증가시켜 기존 암석 약면에서의 미끄러짐을 유발한다. 후자는 유체 주입으로 인한 유발 지진의 가장 일반적인 원인이다.^[11]

Mohr-Coulomb 파괴 기준은 다음과 같다.

:$\backslash tau\_c\; =\; \backslash tau\_0\; +\backslash mu(\backslash sigma\_n\; -P)$

여기서 $\backslash tau\_c$는 단층 파괴를 유발하는 임계 전단 응력, $\backslash tau\_0$는 단층을 따라 작용하는 점착 강도, $\backslash sigma\_n$은 수직 응력, $\backslash mu$는 단층면에서의 마찰 계수, $P$는 단층 내의 공극 압력이다.^[11][69] $\backslash tau\_c$에 도달하면 전단 파괴가 발생하고 지진이 감지될 수 있다. 이 과정은 Mohr 원으로 도식화 할 수 있다.^[11]

4. 1. 위험 요인

4. 2. 확률론적 지진 위험 분석 (PSHA)

4. 3. 지진 위험 계산

4. 4. 위험 완화

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