보조 운동 영역

3. 기능

펜필드와 웰치^[18]는 1951년 원숭이와 인간의 뇌에서 반구 내측벽에 신체를 나타내는 것으로 보조 운동 영역(SMA)을 처음 기술했다. 이후 1952년 울시와 동료들^[19]은 원숭이 뇌에서 SMA를 확인했으며, 다리는 후방에, 얼굴은 전방에 위치한 대략적인 체감 지도라고 설명했다. 다양한 신체 부위의 표현이 광범위하게 겹치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 많은 부위를 자극하면 양측 운동이 유발되었고, 때로는 사지 전체의 운동이 유발되었다. SMA에서 이러한 겹치는 체감 지도는 다른 많은 연구자들에 의해 확인되었다.^{[2][13][20][21][22]}

SMA의 기능에 대해 다음과 같은 네 가지 주요 가설이 제안되었다.

• 서거나 걷는 동안의 자세 안정성 제어^[18]
• 동작의 시간적 순서 조정^{[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]}
• 양손 협응^[31][32]
• 자극에 의한 움직임이 아닌 내부적으로 생성된 움직임의 시작^{[3][29][30][33]}

3. 1. 자세 제어

• 서거나 걷는 동안의 자세 안정성 제어^[18]
• 동작의 시간적 순서 조정^{[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]}
• 양손 협응^[31][32]
• 자극에 의한 움직임이 아닌 내부적으로 생성된 움직임의 시작^{[3][29][30][33]}

3. 2. 동작의 순서 조정

• 서거나 걷는 동안의 자세 안정성 제어^[18]
• 동작의 시간적 순서 조정^{[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]}
• 양손 협응^[31][32]
• 자극에 의한 움직임이 아닌 내부적으로 생성된 움직임의 시작^{[3][29][30][33]}

3. 3. 양손 협응

3. 4. 내재적 생성 움직임의 시작

3. 5. 베라이트샤프트포텐셜 (Bereitschaftspotential, BP)

3. 6. 복잡한 운동 (등반, 도약 등)

4. 추가 이미지

참조

_[1] 논문 Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal lobe: motor areas on the medial surface of the hemisphere
_[2] 논문 Multiple representations of body movements in mesial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex: an intracortical microstimulation study in the macaque monkey
_[3] 논문 A motor area rostrao to the supplementary motor area (presupplementary motor area) in the monkey: neuronal activity during a learned motor task
_[4] 논문 Prefrontal connections of medial motor areas in the rhesus monkey
_[5] 논문 The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe
_[6] 논문 Interconnections between the prefrontal cortex and the premotor areas in the frontal lobe
_[7] 논문 Corticocortical connections of area F3 (SMA-proper) and area F6 (pre-SMA) in the macaque monkey
_[8] 논문 Head movement evoked by electrical stimulation in the supplementary eye field of the rhesus monkey
_[9] 논문 Supplementary eye field: representation of saccades and relationship between neural response fields and elicited eye movements
_[10] 논문 Evidence for a supplementary eye field
_[11] 논문 The dorsomedial frontal cortex of the rhesus monkey: topographic representation of saccades evoked by electrical stimulation
_[12] 논문 Multiple corticospinal neuron populations in the macaque monkey are specified by their unique cortical origins, spinal terminations, and connections
_[13] 논문 Microstimulation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the awake monkey
_[14] 논문 Organization of corticospinal neurons in the monkey
_[15] 논문 Descending pathways of the spinal cord, III: Sites of origin of the corticospinal tract
_[16] 논문 Exact cortical extent of the origin of the corticospinal tract (CST) and the quantitative contribution to the CST in different cytoarchitectonic areas. A study with horseradish peroxidase in the monkey
_[17] 논문 Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Medial Superior Frontal Cortex
_[18] 논문 The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex: A clinical and experimental study
_[19] 논문 Pattern of localization in precentral and "supplementary" motor areas and their relation to the concept of a premotor area Raven Press
_[20] 논문 The relationship of corpus callosum connections to electrical stimulation maps of motor, supplementary motor, and the frontal eye fields in owl monkeys
_[21] 논문 Frontal lobe inputs to primate motor cortex: evidence for four somatotopically organized 'premotor' areas
_[22] 논문 The somatotopic organization of the supplementary motor area: intracortical microstimulation mapping
_[23] 논문 Impairment of sequences of memory-guided saccades after supplementary motor area lesions
_[24] 논문 Stimulation over the human supplementary motor area interferes with the organization of future elements in complex motor sequences
_[25] 논문 Motor sequence learning: a study with positron emission tomography
_[26] 논문 Activity in the supplementary motor area related to learning and performance during a sequential visuomotor task
_[27] 논문 Selective coding of motor sequence in the supplementary motor area of the monkey cerebral cortex
_[28] 논문 Both supplementary and presupplementary motor areas are crucial for the temporal organization of multiple movements
_[29] 논문 Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man
_[30] 논문 Different cortical areas in man in organization of voluntary movements in extrapersonal space
_[31] 논문 Lesions in supplementary motor area interfere with a monkey's performance of a bimanual coordination task
_[32] 논문 Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) degrades bimanual movement control in humans
_[33] 논문 Neuronal activity in the primate supplementary, pre-supplementary and premotor cortex during externally and internally instructed sequential movements
_[34] 논문 Activation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) during performance of visually guided movements 2003-09-01
_[35] 논문 supplementary" motor cortex in human voluntary finger movements
_[36] 논문 The preparation and readiness for voluntary movement: a high-field event-related fMRI study of the Bereitschafts-BOLD response
_[37] 논문 Reciprocal interactions of the SMA and cingulate cortex sustain pre-movement activity for voluntary actions
_[38] 서적 The Intelligent Movement Machine Oxford University Press
_[39] 논문 Mapping behavioral repertoire onto the cortex. https://authors.libr[...]
_[40] 논문 Arm movements evoked by electrical stimulation in the motor cortex of monkeys