후구동물

3. 특징

4. 진화

5. 계통

극피동물문과 반삭동물문은 분자 계통 분석 결과 서로 가장 가까운 관계인 자매군을 이루며, 이들을 묶어 수강동물(Ambulacraria)이라고 한다.^[1] 이 두 동물은 유생 형태, 삼체강성, 축기관 등에서 공통점을 보인다.^[1]

후구동물은 크게 네 문으로 분류된다.

• 척삭동물문(Chordata)
• 암불라크라리아(Ambulacraria)
• 반삭동물문(Hemichordata)
• 극피동물문(Echinodermata)
• 진무장동물문(Xenacoelomorpha)
• 진와충동물문(Xenoturbella)
• 무장동물문(Acoelomorpha)
• 고충동물문(Vetulicolia †)

5. 1. 계통수

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! style="vertical-align:top;" | 수강동물

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| style="vertical-align:top;" | 삼체강성, 축기관, 유생 형태

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! 반삭동물문

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| 완구류

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! 극피동물문

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| 비대칭 발생, 다공질 골편, 새열 결여, 5방사 대칭

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| 바다나리강

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| 불가사리강

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| 거미불가사리강

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참조

_[1] 논문 A new metazoan from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians
_[2] 논문 Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China)
_[3] 뉴스 This Prehistoric Human Ancestor Was All Mouth https://www.nytimes.[...] 2017-01-30
_[4] 논문 Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China)
_[5] 논문 The developmental basis for the recurrent evolution of deuterostomy and protostomy https://qmro.qmul.ac[...]
_[6] 논문 Annelida and Arthropoda are Not Sister Taxa: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Spiralian Metazoan Morphology https://academic.oup[...] 1992-09-01
_[7] 논문 The Phylogenetic Position of Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda 2002-07-01
_[8] 서적 Invertebrates https://archive.org/[...] Sinauer Associates
_[9] 논문 18S rDNA evidence that the Lophophorates are Protostome Animals 1995-03-17
_[10] 논문 Chaetognath phylogenomics: a protostome with deuterostome-like development 2006-08-01
_[11] 논문 A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans 2019-01-21
_[12] 웹사이트 Acorn worm genome reveals gill origins of human pharynx https://news.berkele[...]
_[13] 논문 Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida
_[14] 논문 Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria
_[15] 논문 Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians 2019-06-17
_[16] 서적 Animal Evolution — Genomes, Fossils, and Trees
_[17] 논문 Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus
_[18] 서적 On the Origin of Phyla https://books.google[...] University of Chicago Press 2004-06-18
_[19] 논문 Cambrian problematica and the diversification of deuterostomes 2012
_[20] 논문 The last common bilaterian ancestor http://dev.biologist[...] 2002-07-01
_[21] 서적 The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota
_[22] 논문 Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale 2006-12-01
_[23] 논문 Cambrian stem-group ambulacrarians and the nature of the ancestral deuterostome 2023-05-10
_[24] 웹사이트 Connexins evolved after early chordates lost innexin diversity https://elifescience[...]
_[25] 논문 Polypenartige Organismen aus dem Jung-Präkambrium (Nama-Gruppe) von Namibia http://pascal-franci[...] 1985
_[26] 간행물 Ausia as an ancestor of archeocyathans, and other sponge-like organisms Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences
_[27] 논문 Pentaradial eukaryote suggests expansion of suspension feeding in White Sea-aged Ediacaran communities 2021-02-18
_[28] 논문 Re-evaluating the phylogenetic position of the enigmatic early Cambrian deuterostome Yanjiahella 2020-03-09
_[29] 논문 ''Early Skeletal Fossils'' in Neoproterozoic–Cambrian Biological Revolutions http://www.nrm.se/do[...]
_[30] 논문 Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate ''Haikouichthys'' 2003-01-01
_[31] 논문 Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China 1999-11-01
_[32] 논문 A ''Pikaia''-like chordate from the Lower Cambrian of China 1996-11-01
_[33] 논문 ''Rhabdotubus'', a Middle Cambrian rhabdopleurid hemichordate 2007-10-01
_[34] 논문 Deuterostome Ancestors and Chordate Origins 2024-11-21
_[35] 논문 Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China) 2017
_[36] 논문 A new metazoan from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians