라이신

3. 분해

다른 모든 아미노산들과 마찬가지로 라이신의 분해는 식이 라이신의 섭취 또는 세포 내 단백질의 분해로부터 시작된다. 라이신의 분해는 또한 유리 라이신의 세포 내 농도를 조절하고 과도한 유리 라이신의 독성 효과를 방지하기 위해 정상 상태를 유지하는 수단으로 사용된다.^[150] 라이신의 분해와 관련된 여러 경로가 있지만 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 경로는 사카로핀 경로이며, 주로 동물의 간(및 동등한 기관), 특히 미토콘드리아 내에서 일어난다.^{[151][150][152][153]} 이 대사 경로는 앞에서 설명한 α-아미노아디프산 경로의 반대 과정이다.^[151][154]

4. 영양가

리신은 필수 아미노산이므로 식품을 통해 섭취해야 한다.^[165] 사람의 영양 요구량은 유아기에는 1kg당 약 60mg, 성인기에는 1kg당 약 30mg 정도이다.^[151] 서구 사회에서는 육류 및 채소 섭취를 통해 이러한 요구량을 충분히 충족하고 있다.^[151]

하지만 채식주의 식단에서는 곡물에 리신 함량이 적기 때문에 섭취량이 부족할 수 있다.^[151] 쌀, 밀, 옥수수와 같은 곡류에는 리신이 적게 들어있지만, 콩에는 풍부하게 들어있다.^[109] 따라서 콩과 곡물을 함께 섭취하면 리신 부족 문제를 해결할 수 있다. 예를 들어 콩밥과 쌀밥을 같이 먹거나, 콩국수에 면을 함께 먹는 것이 좋다.

유전자 변형 기술을 통해 곡물의 리신 함량을 높이려는 연구가 있었지만, 독성 부작용 등의 문제로 제한적인 성공만을 거두었다.^[168] 품질 단백질 옥수수와 같이 전통적인 선택적 육종 기술을 통해 리신 함량을 높인 사례도 있다.^[171]

가축 사료에는 리신이 부족한 경우가 많아, 산업적으로 생산된 리신을 첨가하기도 한다.^[173][174] 이는 코리네박테리움 글루타미쿰(''Corynebacterium glutamicum'')을 발효 배양하여 생산한다.^[173]

4. 1. 식이 공급원

5. 생물학적 역할

리신은 단백질 생합성에 필수적인 구성 요소이며, 단백질의 구조적 안정성에 기여한다. 리신의 곁사슬은 양전하를 띤 작용기와 긴 소수성 탄소 꼬리를 가지고 있어 양친매성을 띈다. 이러한 특성 덕분에 리신은 단백질 내부에 묻혀 있거나, 수용성 환경과 상호작용할 수 있는 용매 채널 및 단백질 외부에 존재할 수 있다.^[180] 또한 ε-아미노기는 수소 결합, 염다리, 공유 결합에 참여하여 시프 염기를 형성함으로써 단백질 안정화에 기여한다.^{[180][181][182][183]}

리신은 히스톤 변형을 통해 후성유전학적 조절에 관여한다.^[184][185] 히스톤의 꼬리에 있는 리신 잔기는 아세틸기(−CH₃CO) 첨가 또는 제거, 최대 3개의 메틸기(−CH₃), 유비퀴틴, SUMO 단백질 첨가 또는 제거 등 다양한 공유결합 변형을 겪는다.^{[184][186][187][188][189]} 이러한 변형은 유전자 발현 조절에 영향을 미쳐 유전자를 활성화하거나 억제할 수 있다.

리신은 콜라겐에서 알파 나선 폴리펩타이드 사이의 가교 형성에 관여하여 안정성과 인장 강도를 높인다.^[190][193] 이는 세균 세포벽에서 리신이 가교 형성과 세포벽 안정 유지에 중요한 역할을 하는 것과 유사하다.^[194] 또한 리신은 장에서 칼슘 흡수 및 콩팥에서의 유지를 돕고, 칼슘 항상성 유지에 기여할 수 있다.^[191] 리신은 지방산을 미토콘드리아로 운반하는 카르니틴의 전구체이며, 지방산 대사에도 중요한 역할을 한다.^[192][196] 포유류에서 카르니틴은 주로 식이 섭취를 통해 공급되지만, 리신은 단백질에 통합된 후 메틸화되어 카르니틴으로 전환될 수 있다.^[192]

옵신에서 레티날은 보존된 리신 잔기와 시프 염기를 형성하며, 빛과 레티닐리덴기의 상호작용은 색채 지각에서 신호 변환을 유발한다.

5. 1. 논쟁의 여지가 있는 역할

6. 질병에서의 역할

리신 대사의 이상은 여러 질병을 유발할 수 있다. 리신이 부족하면 빈혈, 단백질-에너지 영양실조 등이 나타날 수 있다.^{[205][206][207]} 특히 비서구 사회에서 리신 결핍은 흔하게 나타난다.^[206][207] 리신과 하이드록시리신의 결핍은 결합 조직 질환과 관련이 있다.^[203] 또한, 지방산 대사에 중요한 카르니틴은 리신에서 유래하므로, 리신이 부족하면 카르니틴 수치도 낮아져 건강에 영향을 미칠 수 있다.^[196][204]

리신 분해 과정에 문제가 생기면 혈액에 리신이 쌓이는 고리신혈증이 발생할 수 있다.^[208][209] 고리신혈증은 뇌전증, 운동실조, 경직, 정신운동 지체와 같은 신경 질환을 유발할 수 있지만,^[208][209] 증상이 없는 경우도 있으며, 고리신혈증과 신체적, 정신적 장애 사이의 연관성은 논쟁의 여지가 있다.^[210] 소변에 다량의 리신이 섞여 나오는 고리신뇨증도 리신 대사 이상으로 인해 발생할 수 있다.^[215]

리신 대사와 관련된 유전자에 돌연변이가 생기면 다음과 같은 질병들이 발생할 수 있다.^{[159][211][212][213][214]}

• 피리독신 의존성 뇌전증 (ALDH7A1 유전자)^[159]
• α-아미노아디프산뇨증 및 α-케토아디프산뇨증 (DHTKD1 유전자)^[211]
• 글루타르산뇨증 1형 (GCDH 유전자)^{[212][213][214]}

7. 동물 사료에 리신의 사용

리신은 돼지나 닭과 같은 특정 동물의 육류 생산을 위한 성장을 최적화할 때 제한 아미노산이므로 동물 사료에 중요한 첨가물이다.^[218] 리신 보충은 높은 성장률을 유지하면서 콩보다 저렴한 식물성 단백질인 옥수수 등을 사용할 수 있게 해주며, 질소 배설로 인한 오염을 줄인다.^[218] 그러나 옥수수를 가금류와 돼지 사료로 사용할 때 인산염 오염이 주요 환경 비용으로 작용한다.^[219]

2009년에 동물 사료용 리신 생산은 거의 700,000톤에 달했으며, 시장 가치는 12.2억유로 이상이었다.^[217]

8. 대중문화에서

1993년 영화 《쥬라기 공원》(마이클 크라이튼의 동명의 소설을 원작으로 함)에서는 유전적으로 변형된 공룡들이 라이신을 생산할 수 없도록 묘사된다.^[220] 이것은 "리신 우발상황(lysine contingency)"으로 알려졌으며 복제된 공룡들이 공원 밖에서 살아남는 것을 방지하기 위해 공원의 수의사가 제공하는 리신 보충제에 의존하도록 했다. 실제로 필수 아미노산인 리신을 생산할 수 있는 동물은 없다.^[221]

1996년에 라이신은 미국 역사상 가장 큰 가격 담합 사건에서 초점이 되었다. 아처 대니얼스 미들랜드 컴퍼니는 1억달러의 벌금을 냈고, 경영진 중 3명은 유죄 판결을 받고 복역했다. 또한 가격 담합 사건에서 일본 기업 2곳(아지노모토, 교와 핫코)과 한국 기업(세원)이 유죄 판결을 받았다.^[222] 리신의 가격을 담합한 공모자들의 비밀 비디오 녹화물은 온라인이나 미국 법무부 독점금지과에 비디오를 요청하여 찾아볼 수 있다. 이 사건은 영화 《인포먼트》와 동명의 책의 바탕이 되었다.^[223]

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