6. '마루토쿠 무기' (일본)
일본에서 검찰에 의해 사형이 구형되었던 무기형 수형자를 대상으로 하는 제도로, 가석방 심사가 더욱 엄격해진다. 이는 "최고검 마루토쿠 무기 통달"에 의한 것으로, 대상자는 적어도 380명에 달한다.[165] 검찰이 마루토쿠 무기형 수형자의 가석방에 반대 의견을 낸 경우, 대상자가 가석방될 가능성이 낮아져 절대적 종신형에 가까운 상태가 된다.
다만, 검찰의 의견은 절대적인 것은 아니며, 가석방 결정권은 지방 갱생 보호 위원회에 있고, 법무부 장관의 일반적 지휘권(검찰청법 14조 본문)에 따라 법무성에서 운용을 변경할 가능성이 있으므로, 마루토쿠로 지정되었다고 해서 반드시 가석방되지 않는 것은 아니다.[165] 2013년부터 2022년까지 검사 의견이 가석방에 반대였던 222건 중 38건(17.1%)이 가석방되었다. 그러나 검사 의견이 반대가 아닌 경우(70.0%)와 비교하면 가석방 가능성이 약 4.1배 낮아진다.
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Offences including piracy; murder of a UN or associated person; explosives and lethal device offences; treason; assisting anyone known to have committed treason escape apprehension or punishment; knowing someone intends to commit a treason offence and not reporting it to the police or taking reasonable measure to prevent its commission; assisting enemy to engage in armed conflict; treachery; espionage; aggravated espionage offences; terrorism; planning or preparing for a terrorist act; financing terrorism; financing a terrorist; murder of an Australian citizen or resident; entering a foreign country with the intention of engaging in a hostile activity; engaging in a hostile activity in a foreign country, or engaging in conduct preparatory to, including providing or participating in training, accumulating weapons or giving or receiving goods and services to commit a foreign incursion offence; allowing the use of a building, aircraft or vessel intending to commit, support or promote a foreign incursion offence; burglary of a property owned by a Commonwealth entity with the intent to commit an offence that causes harm to a person or damage to property; genocide offences; crimes against humanity (murder and extermination); war crimes; trafficking or manufacturing a commercial quantity of controlled drugs; cultivating or selling commercial quantities of controlled plants; importing or exporting commercial quantities of controlled drugs or plants; importing commercial quantities of a controlled drug or plant; possessing commercial quantities of a controlled drug or plant reasonably believed to have been imported; supplying marketable quantities of controlled drugs to children for trafficking; procuring children for trafficking marketable quantities of controlled drugs; procuring children for pre-trafficking marketable quantities of controlled precursors; procuring children for importing or exporting marketable quantities of a controlled drug or plant or for importing or exporting marketable quantities of border controlled precursors (Criminal Code Act (Cth))
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'*NSW: Murder; aggravated sexual assault in company; sexual intercourse with a child under 10; persistent sexual abuse of a child (Crimes Act (NSW)). Drug offences involving commercial quantities or cultivation for a commercial purpose; offences involving manufacture or production in presence of children or procuring children to supply prohibited drugs (Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act (NSW)). *Vic: Murder; trafficking in a drug of dependence (large commercial quantity) *QLD: Demands with menaces upon agencies of government; riot, if the offender causes grievous bodily harm to a person, causes an explosive substance to explode or destroys or starts to destroy a building, vehicle or machinery; piracy; perjury, in order to procure the conviction of another person for a crime punishable with life imprisonment; conspiracy to bring a false accusation where the offence is such that the person convicted would be liable to life imprisonment; owner etc permitting carnal knowledge of a child under 12 on premises; carnal knowledge of a child under 12, or a child under 16 by a guardian of that non-lineal descendant child; or a child under 16 with an impairment of the mind; carnal knowledge or attempted carnal knowledge of a non-lineal descendant with an impairment of the mind by a guardian; taking a child under 12 for immoral purpose and doing carnal knowledge; incest; maintaining a sexual relationship by an adult with a child under 16; attempted murder; accessory after the fact to murder; manslaughter; aiding suicide; killing unborn child; unlawful striking causing death; disabling or stupefying in order to commit an indictable offence; acts intended to cause grievous bodily harm and other malicious acts; obstructing rescue or escape from unsafe premises; endangering the safety of a person in a vehicle with intent; rape; aggravated sexual assault; aggravated robbery; aggravated attempted robbery; extortion where carrying out threat causes or would be likely to cause serious personal injury or substantial economic loss in a commercial activity; taking control of an aircraft using violence, threats of violence, in company or by fraudulent means; burglary by breaking and other circumstances of aggravation; breaking and committing an indictable offence; arson; endangering the safe use of vehicles and transport infrastructure; destroying or damaging premises by explosion; destroying sea walls and other property; communicating infectious diseases to animals; attempting to commit an indictable offence punishable by mandatory life imprisonment; being an accessory to the fact after an indictable offence punishable by mandatory life imprisonment (Criminal Code (QLD)) *WA: Attempt to unlawfully kill; criminal damage by fire (Criminal Code (WA)). Possessing, with intent to sell or supply, a trafficable quantity (>28g) of methylamphetamine; conspiring with another to, or attempting to, commit a methylamphetamine trafficking offence (Misuse of Drugs Act (WA)) SA: Manslaughter; aggravated causing death or causing serious harm by use of a vehicle or vessel; rape; unlawful sexual intercourse with a person under 14; property damage of building or motor vehicle by fire (arson) or explosives; aggravated robbery; aggravated serious criminal trespass of residential buildings; manufacture of a commercial quantity of a controlled drug for sale; sell, supply, or administer a controlled drug to a child or possession of a controlled drug intending to sell, supply or administer to a child; sell, supply, or administer a controlled drug to a person in a school zone, or possession of a controlled drug in a school zone intending to sell, supply or administer the drug to another person; trafficking a commercial quantity of a controlled drug; cultivating a commercial quantity of a controlled plant for sale (includes cannabis); sale of a commercial quantity of a controlled plant or possession with intention to sell (includes cannabis – prescribed amount – 100 plants; but in aggravated circumstances, 20 plants) *Tas: Murder; treason; accessory after the fact guilty of treason *ACT: Murder; trafficking in a controlled drug; manufacturing a controlled drug for selling; cultivating a controlled plant for selling; selling a controlled plant; supplying controlled drug to child for selling; procuring a child to traffic a controlled drug *NT: Manslaughter; assisting or encouraging a suicide; killing an unborn child; disabling or stupefying in order to commit an indictable offence; acts intended to cause serious harm or prevent lawful apprehension; preventing escape from wreck; intentionally endangering safety of persons travelling by railway, roadway, aircraft or ship; sexual intercourse without consent; causing a child under 12 to enter into or continue in sexual servitude; operating a business that involves the sexual servitude of a child under 12; aggravated robbery (armed, in company or causing harm to any person immediately before or after or during the robbery); discharging a firearm while armed in the course of assault with intent to steal; unlawfully taking control of an aircraft with violence or threats, in company or while armed; sabotage; arson; endangering operation of an aircraft; conspiracy to lay false charges where the person found guilty would have been liable to life imprisonment; terrorism; perjury in order to procure the conviction of an offence punishable by life imprisonment; forcibly rescuing certain offenders; aggravated sexual relationship with a child (Criminal Code Act (NT)). 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art. 173 al. 1 let. k Constitution of the Swiss Confederation
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Fury over ruling that could see Attracta's killer freed
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사전
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http://bundesrecht.j[...]
[136]
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http://www.sbg.ac.at[...]
[137]
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フランス新刑法典
法曹会
1995
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ただし、場合によっては22年まで延長することができる。また15歳未満の児童を殺害し、その前後または最中に強姦などの行為を行った者には最大30年まで延長でき、また仮釈放を認めない旨の決定もできるという特例がある。ただし、後者の場合でも30年を経過した時点で裁判所組織の頂点に位置する破棄院に医学の専門家による鑑定を申請し、この決定を取り消すことができる。
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ルーマニア刑法典
http://www.era.int/d[...]
[140]
서적
ポーランドの刑法とスポーツ法
成文堂
2000-05
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ロシア刑法典
http://www.russian-c[...]
[142]
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カナダ刑法典
http://lois.justice.[...]
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台湾刑法典
http://www.oao.com.c[...]
[145]
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イタリア刑法典
http://www.unifr.ch/[...]
[146]
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국회자료
第165回国会法務委員会第3号
https://kokkai.ndl.g[...]
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第59回人権擁護大会シンポジウム第3分科会死刑廃止と拘禁刑の改革を考える 基調報告書 p.174-175
https://www.nichiben[...]
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2016-10-06
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保岡興治元法務大臣の発言
朝日新聞
2008-06-05
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毎日新聞の論説
http://nippon.zaidan[...]
毎日新聞
[153]
문서
法務省保護局の資料
https://www.moj.go.j[...]
[154]
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[155]
보고서
昭和48年版犯罪白書 第二編 犯罪者の処遇 第3章 仮釈放及び更生保護 第1節 仮釈放 2 仮出獄 II-85表 無期刑仮出獄者の在監期間(昭和45年~47年)
https://hakusyo1.moj[...]
1973-10
[156]
문서
令和3年版犯罪白書
https://hakusyo1.moj[...]
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웹사이트
裁判員の皆さまへ 知ってほしい刑罰のこと
https://www.nichiben[...]
2018-05
[158]
뉴스
中日新聞社会面
中日新聞
1985-05-31
[159]
문서
前掲法務省資料
[160]
뉴스
NHKが追った『日本一長く服役した男』61年ものあいだ刑務所にいた囚人の最期
https://www.cyzo.com[...]
2020-10-14
[161]
뉴스
日本一長く服役した男
https://www.nhk-onde[...]
[162]
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[163]
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[164]
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[165]
웹사이트
マル特無期事件
https://yamanaka-ben[...]
2020-03-22
[166]
뉴스
殺人で終身刑の受刑者を2週間釈放、「子をもうけるため」
https://www.afpbb.co[...]
AFP
2018-01-26
[167]
뉴스
사형제 존폐 수면 위로…'절대적 종신형' 해묵은 대안 논쟁
http://www.metroseou[...]
메트로
2015-08-12
[168]
뉴스
美대법 "청소년 살인범 '절대 종신형' 위헌"
https://news.naver.c[...]
연합뉴스
2012-06-26
[169]
문서
아동의 권리에 관한 협약
http://www.law.go.kr[...]
1989-11-20
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