비단거북

3. 형태

4. 생태

비단거북은 흐름이 완만한 강, 호수, 연못, 늪, 습지 등 다양한 담수 환경에서 서식한다. 바닥이 진흙이고 수생 식물이 무성하며 수심이 얕은 곳, 특히 소규모 정수역을 선호한다. 수생 경향이 강하지만, 일광욕을 위해 자주 육지로 올라온다. 주행성 동물로, 야간에는 물밑 등에서 휴식을 취한다.

잡식성으로, 어류, 곤충류, 갑각류, 동물의 사체, 물풀 등 다양한 먹이를 먹는다. 어린 개체는 동물성 먹이 비중이 높지만, 성장하면서 점차 식물성 먹이 비중이 높아진다.^[74]

번식 형태는 난생이다. 수컷은 물속에서 암컷에게 접근하여 앞다리를 암컷 머리 앞에서 흔드는 구애 행동을 보인다. 암컷이 움직임을 멈추면 수컷이 암컷 위에 올라타 교미한다. 주로 5-7월에 흙이나 모래로 된 트인 장소에 구멍을 파고 알을 낳는다. 한 번에 1-23개의 알을 낳으며, 1년에 1-4회 산란한다. 알은 72-80일(인공 부화에서는 65-80일), 평균 76일 만에 부화한다. 성염색체가 없으며, 발생 시 온도에 따라 성별이 결정된다(온도성 결정). 25℃에서는 수컷만, 30.5℃에서는 암컷만 태어난 예가 있다. 수컷은 생후 3-5년(배갑 길이 7-9.5cm), 암컷은 생후 5-10년(배갑 길이 9-16.5cm)에 성적으로 성숙한다.

4. 1. 계절별 생활과 겨울잠

^{[88][89][90][91]}

무산소증 내성의 차이는 비단거북의 젖산 생성 속도와 완충 능력에 부분적으로 기인한다.^[89] 또한, 북부 비단거북 개체군이 남부 개체군보다 더 높은 무산소증 내성을 보인다.^[89]

무산소증에 내성이 있는 다른 담수 거북으로는 남부 비단거북(''Chrysemys dorsalis'') (75일에서 86일 동안 무산소증에서 생존), 자라 (''Chelydra serpentina'') (100일 동안 무산소증에서 생존), 지도거북 (''Graptemys geographica'') (50일 동안 무산소증에서 생존)이 있다.^{[89][91][92][93]}

성체 비단거북과 달리, 부화된 새끼는 40일 동안만 생존할 수 있지만, 추운 겨울 때문에 다른 새끼 종에 비해 높은 무산소증 내성과 동결 내성을 보인다 (자라(''Chelydra serpentina'')는 30일, 지도거북(''Graptemys geographica'')은 15일).^[95][96]

5. 인간과의 관계

비단거북은 아름다운 외모 덕분에 붉은귀거북 다음으로 인기 있는 애완 거북이었다.^[114] 2010년 기준으로, 미국 대부분의 주에서는 비단거북을 애완동물로 기르는 것을 허용하지만 권장하지는 않는다. 오리건 주에서는 애완동물로 기르는 것을 금지하고,^[112] 인디애나 주에서는 판매를 금지한다.^[113] 미국 연방법은 미만의 거북이 판매 또는 운송을 금지하고 있지만,^[114] 과학적 표본을 위한 예외 조항을 통해 일부 작은 거북이를 판매할 수 있으며, 불법 거래도 발생한다.^[115]

비단거북 사육 요건은 붉은귀거북과 유사하며, 충분한 공간과 일광욕 장소를 제공하고, 정기적으로 물을 여과하고 교체해야 한다. 수생 거북이는 안기는 것을 좋아하지 않기 때문에 아이들에게 적합한 애완동물이 아니다. 비단거북은 수명이 길어 사육 상태에서 최대 40년까지 살 수 있다.

비단거북은 때때로 식용으로 사용되지만, 크기가 작고 더 큰 거북이를 구할 수 있기 때문에 높이 평가받지는 않는다.^[119] 학교에서는 생물 공급 회사에서 판매하는 비단거북을 해부 실습에 사용하기도 한다.^[119] 표본은 야생에서 채집하거나 사육 번식될 수 있다.^[120] 중서부 지역에서는 여름 축제 때 거북이 경주가 열리기도 한다.^{[119][121][122]}

뉴욕에서는 2006년 주 전역 학생 선거에서 비단거북이 근소한 차이로 주 파충류로 선정되지 못했다.^[150]

5. 1. 보존

• 수생 서식지: 습지 건조, 햇볕을 쬐는 장소(수생 통나무, 바위) 제거, 해안 식생 제거(포식자 접근 용이, 인적 왕래 증가^[105][106])
• 둥지 서식지: 도시화 또는 식재로 인해 햇볕이 잘 드는 토양 제거

• 야생에서 과도한 채집^[126]
• 방생된 애완동물로 인한 질병 유발^[113] 또는 유전적 다양성 감소
• 오염
• 보트 교통
• 낚시꾼의 낚시 바늘(거북이는 미끼를 잘 훔쳐 먹는다)
• 무분별한 사격
• 농업 기계, 골프 코스 잔디 깎는 기계, 사륜 오토바이에 의한 짓밟힘^[131][132]
• 지구 온난화

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_[133] 웹사이트 Resident license information and applications packets http://www.outdooral[...] Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources 2010-09-21
_[134] 웹사이트 Regulations on the take of reptiles and amphibians http://www.michigan.[...] Michigan Department of Natural Resources 2011-07-20
_[135] 웹사이트 Summary of Pennsylvania fishing laws and regulations – reptiles and amphibians – seasons and limits http://pfbc.pa.gov/f[...] Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission 2017-09-21
_[136] 웹사이트 Rules and regulations for reptiles and amphibians in New Hampshire http://www.wildlife.[...] New Hampshire Fish and Game Department 2017-09-21
_[137] 웹사이트 Guidance for Conserving Oregon's Native Turtles including Best Management Practices https://www.dfw.stat[...] Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 2020-04-30
_[138] 웹사이트 MDC discover nature turtles https://nature.mdc.m[...] Missouri Department of Conservation 2017-09-21
_[139] 웹사이트 Hunting regulations 2010–2011 http://www.mnr.gov.o[...] Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 2011-07-20
_[140] 간행물 The relative efficiency of basking and hoop traps for painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'') http://www.tc.umn.ed[...] 2006
_[141] 논문 Capture success of northern map turtles (''Graptemys geographica'') and other turtle species in basking vs. baited traps 2005
_[142] 논문 ''Chrysemys picta'' (painted turtle). Trapping 2001
_[143] 서적 Handbook of American Indian games https://archive.org/[...] Dover Publications 1985-03-01
_[144] 웹사이트 Potawatomi oral tradition http://www.mpm.edu/w[...] Milwaukee Public Museum 2010-12-17
_[145] 웹사이트 The painted turtle http://www.museum.st[...] Illinois State Museum 2010-12-10
_[146] 웹사이트 Joint resolution relating to the designation of the painted turtle as the state reptile http://www.leg.state[...] 2010-12-15
_[147] 간행물 Michigan's state symbols http://www.michigan.[...] 2002-05
_[148] 웹사이트 Bill Status of House Bill 847: State Amphibian Reptile https://ilga.gov/leg[...] Illinois General Assembly 2005-02-02
_[149] 웹사이트 Colorado state archives symbols & emblems http://www.colorado.[...] State of Colorado 2011-01-23
_[150] 웹사이트 The voting is over: Students nominate common snapping turtle as official state reptile http://assembly.stat[...] Assemblyman Joel M. Miller 2006-04-26
_[151] 뉴스 Celebration coins minted and ready http://www.boissevai[...] 2005-12-17
_[152] 뉴스 Jon Montgomery is the life of Whistler's party http://olympics.thes[...] Toronto Star 2010-02-21
_[153] 뉴스 BC Hydro plans painted turtle study this summer http://www.revelstok[...] 2010-02-26
_[154] 웹사이트 Painted turtle publishing imprint website http://wsupress.wayn[...] Wayne State University Press 2010-12-07
_[155] 웹사이트 Painted turtle winery http://www.paintedtu[...] 2010-12-07
_[156] 웹사이트 Painted turtle web design http://www.paintedtu[...] Painted Turtle Web Design 2011-01-02
_[157] 웹사이트 Painted turtle guesthouse website http://www.paintedtu[...] 2010-12-06
_[158] 뉴스 Eat & run http://www.presshera[...] 2010-03-12
_[159] 서적 The Esther Chronicles 2010
_[160] 서적 Esther's Channel https://archive.org/[...] Baker Tritten 2005-04-15
_[161] 서적 Nika and the painted turtle 2010
_[162] 서적 Turtles: Pets at my House https://archive.org/[...] Heinemann Library 2004-10-30
_[163] 서적 The Life Cycle of a Painted Turtle Rosen Classroom 2005-01-01
_[164] 서적 Turtle Splash!: Countdown at the Pond Greenwillow Books 2008-02-26
_[165] 서적 Turtle Crossing https://archive.org/[...] Henry Hold & Co 2006