스키타이 문화

3. 민족 구성

스키토-시베리아 세계는 다양한 민족 집단으로 구성되었으며, 대부분 이란어를 사용했다.^[10] 이들은 유사한 물질 문화를 공유했지만, 여러 개의 서로 다른 민족 집단에 속해 있었다.

스키토-시베리아 세계와 관련된 민족에는 스키타이어를 사용한 다음의 민족들이 포함된다.

• 스키타이인
• 사르마티아인
• 사카족
• 마사게타이
• 아가티르시
• 시기나이

3. 1. 용어

4. 특징

스키토-시베리아 세계의 문화는 '스키타이 삼위일체'로 알려진 세 가지 특징, 즉 말 굴레, 스키타이 활을 포함한 무기, 동물 양식으로 제작된 스키타이 미술로 구분된다.^[1][2]

4. 1. 사회

4. 2. 외형

5. 유전학

스키타이 문화 식별 유물의 유전학 연구는 남성과 여성의 역사가 현저하게 다르다는 광범위한 패턴을 보여준다.^[4]

동부와 서부에는 두 개의 뚜렷한 부계 계통이 있으며,^[16][17][18] 이들은 각자 동질적이다. 서부 스키타이 남성은 거의 일관되게 R1b를 보유했는데,^[16][17] 이는 폰토스 지역의 현대 유럽 민족과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 반면 동부 스키타이인은 R1a, Q1a, N를 보유했다.^[18] 시베리아 스키타이인 표본에서 서유라시아와 동유라시아의 모계 계통 비율은 거의 동일했다.^[18]

스키타이인 사이의 모계 계통은 다양하며,^[16][17][18] 동유라시아와 서유라시아 계통이 혼합되어 있고 철기 시대에 동아시아 혼합이 증가하는 경향을 보인다.^[19][33] 서부 스키타이인에서 서유라시아 모계 계통은 전체의 62.5-74%를 차지하는 반면, 동유라시아 모계 계통은 26-37%를 차지한다.^[19] 투바에서 온 동부 스키타이인의 표본에서 모계 계통은 서유라시아와 동유라시아 출처로 거의 동일하게 나뉘었다.^[19]

5. 1. 서부 스키타이 문화 유전학

5. 2. 동부 스키타이 문화 유전학

참조

_[1] 웹사이트 Scytho-Siberian world https://bigenc.ru/ar[...] 2017
_[2] 논문 Genomic inference reveals that Scythians in the east and the west of the steppe zone can best be described as a mixture of Yamnaya-related ancestry and an East Asian component. Demographic modelling suggests independent origins for eastern and western groups with ongoing gene-flow between them, plausibly explaining the striking uniformity of their material culture. We also find evidence that significant gene-flow from east to west Eurasia must have occurred early during the Iron Age. The origin of the widespread Scythian-Siberian cultures has long been debated in Eurasian archaeology. The northern Black Sea steppe was originally considered the homeland and centre of the Scythians3 until Terenozhkin formulated the hypothesis of a Central Asian origin4. On the other hand, evidence supporting an east Eurasian origin includes the kurgan Arzhan 1 in Tuva5, which is considered the earliest Scythian kurgan5. Dating of additional burial sites situated in east and west Eurasia confirmed eastern kurgans as older than their western counterparts6,7. Additionally, elements of the characteristic 'Animal Style' dated to the tenth century BCE1,4 were found in the region of the Yenisei river and modern-day China, supporting the early presence and origin of Scythian culture in the East. 2017
_[3] 논문 The nomadic populations were heterogeneous and carried genetic affinities with populations from several other regions including the Far East and the southern Urals. Genetic analyses of maternal lineages of Scythians suggest a mixed origin and an east-west admixture gradient across the Eurasian steppe (10–12). The genomics of two early Scythian Aldy-Bel individuals (13) showed genetic affinities to eastern Asian populations (12). 2018
_[4] 간행물 Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians 2021-03
_[5] 논문 "Genomic inference reveals that Scythians in the east and the west of the steppe zone can best be described as a mixture of Yamnaya-related ancestry and an East Asian component. Demographic modelling suggests independent origins for eastern and western groups with ongoing gene-flow between them, plausibly explaining the striking uniformity of their material culture. We also find evidence that significant gene-flow from east to west Eurasia must have occurred early during the Iron Age." and "The blend of EHG [European hunter-gatherer] and Caucasian elements in carriers of the Yamnaya culture was formed on the European steppe and exported into Central Asia and Siberia" 2017
_[6] 논문 "The origin of the widespread Scythian culture has long been debated in Eurasian archaeology. The northern Black Sea steppe was originally considered the homeland and centre of the Scythians until Terenozhkin formulated the hypothesis of a Central Asian origin. On the other hand, evidence supporting an east Eurasian origin includes the kurgan Arzhan 1 in Tuva, which is considered the earliest Scythian kurgan. Dating of additional burial sites situated in east and west Eurasia confirmed eastern kurgans as older than their western counterparts. Additionally, elements of the characteristic ‘Animal Style' dated to the tenth century BC were found in the region of the Yenisei river and modern-day China, supporting the early presence of Scythian culture in the East." 2017
_[7] 간행물 Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam) https://www.academia[...] 2007
_[8] 웹사이트 Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica https://iranicaonlin[...]
_[9] 웹사이트 Also a Saka according to this source https://i.pinimg.com[...]
_[10] 서적 Ancient Nomads of the Altai Mountains: Belgian-Russian multidisciplinary archaeological research on the Scytho-Siberian culture https://books.google[...] Royal Museums of Art and History
_[11] 학위논문 At Home, with the Good Horses: Relationality, Roles, Identity and Ideology in Iron Age Inner Asia University of Leicester 2023-01-01
_[12] 논문 Rudenko also noted that men’s hair varied among shaved, bright chestnut, dark blond and soft, black and curly... 2011
_[13] 논문 "Second, also on the Ukok plateau, is the cemetery of Verh-Kaldzhin, where a blond man nicknamed the “warrior” was buried with one horse (Verh-Kaldzhin 2-1)." 2011
_[14] 서적 The frozen tombs of the Altai Mountains : [catalogue publ. for the exhibition "The frozen tombs of the Altai Mountains", presented in Gent (2006), Gorno-Altaisk (2007) and Paris (2008) ...] https://whc.unesco.o[...] UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2006
_[15] 서적 History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set https://books.google[...] Bloomsbury Publishing 2018-04-18
_[16] 논문 "Haplogroup R1a-M173 was previously reported for 6 Scytho-Siberian individuals from the Tagar culture (Keyser et al. 2009) and one Altaian Scytho-Siberian from the Sebÿstei site (Ricaut et al. 2004a), whereas haplogroup R1a1a1b2-Z93 (or R1a1a1b-S224) was described for one Scythian from Samara (Mathieson et al. 2015) and two Scytho-Siberians from Berel and the Tuva Republic (Unterländer et al. 2017). On the contrary, North Pontic Scythiians were found to belong to the R1b1a1a2 haplogroup (Krzewińska et al. 2018), showing a distinction between the two groups of Scythians." 2019
_[17] 논문 The Iron Age nomads mostly carried the R1b Y haplogroup, which is characteristic of the Yamnaya of the Russian steppe (4). 2018
_[18] 논문 The absence of R1b lineages in the Scytho-Siberian individuals tested so far and their presence in the North Pontic Scythians suggest that these 2 groups had a completely different paternal lineage makeup with nearly no gene fow from male carriers between them. 2019
_[19] 간행물 Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians 2021-03-26
_[20] 간행물 Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance 2019-07-22
_[21] 논문 "The Early Iron Age nomadic Scythians have been described as a confederation of tribes of different origins, based on ancient DNA evidence [1, 2, 3]. All samples of this study also possessed at least one additional eastern component, one of which was nearly at 100% in modern Nganasans (orange) and the other in modern Han Chinese (yellow; Figure S2). The eastern components were present in variable proportions in the samples of this study." 2019
_[22] 간행물 Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians 2021-03-26
_[23] 논문 "Contemporary descendants of western Scythian groups are found among various groups in the Caucasus and Central Asia, while similarities to eastern Scythian are found to be more widespread, but almost exclusively among Turkic language speaking (formerly) nomadic groups, particularly from the Kipchak branch of Turkic languages." 2017
_[24] 논문 The results point to the presence of a deep shared ancestry of all Iron Age nomadic groups associated with Bronze Age populations of the steppe, which, however, is not equivalent with a direct genetic continuity between Srubnaya-Alakulskaya and the western Scythians. 2018
_[25] 간행물 On The Genetic Continuity of the Iron Age Pazyryk Culture: Geographic Distributions of the Paternal and Maternal Lineages from the Ak-Alakha-1 Burial 2019-01-08
_[26] 간행물 Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia 2022-01-14
_[27] 간행물 The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians https://doi.org/10.1[...] 2022-08-25
_[28] 간행물 Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians 2021-03
_[29] 간행물 Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance 2019-07
_[30] 논문 "The eastern Scythians display nearly equal proportions of mtDNA lineages common in east and west Eurasia, whereas in the western Scythian groups, the frequency of lineages now common in east Eurasia is generally lower, even reaching zero in four samples of the initial Scythian phase of the eight to sixth century BCE (group #1 in Fig. 2), and reaches 18–26% during later periods (sixth to second century BCE; #2 and #3) (Supplementary Table 7)." 2017
_[31] 논문 "Mitochondrial haplogroup analyses of the NPR Scythians from this study and those from Rostov-on-Don and Pazyryks from Altai and Inner Mongolia, reveal that, for the most part, the same lineages are found in all three groups and are often singularly represented in each group. Noteworthy, comparing the frequencies of east and west Eurasian haplogroups in all three groups of the Scythian horizon, an east-west mtDNA lineage cline is visible, for east Eurasian lineages going west-east is from 26.3% (in present study) through 37.5% (in Scythians from Rostov-on-Don) to 46.7% (in Pazyryks) with the opposite trend for west Eurasian lineages." [...] "The genetic influx of East Eurasian haplotypes might be the result of establishing relationships between migrants with European ancestry and women of east Eurasian origin as was previously proposed by66 in case of Iron Age south Siberian populations. However, more detailed studies of autosomal DNA are needed to clearly resolve this issue." 2017
_[32] 논문 "Haplogroup R1a-M173 was previously reported for 6 Scytho-Siberian individuals from the Tagar culture (Keyser et al. 2009) and one Altaian Scytho-Siberian from the Sebÿstei site (Ricaut et al. 2004a), whereas haplogroup R1a1a1b2-Z93 (or R1a1a1b-S224) was described for one Scythian from Samara (Mathieson et al. 2015) and two Scytho-Siberians from Berel and the Tuva Republic (Unterländer et al. 2017). On the contrary, North Pontic Scythians were found to belong to the R1b1a1a2 haplogroup (Krzewińska et al. 2018), showing a distinction between the two groups of Scythians" 2019
_[33] 간행물 Maternal genetic features of the Iron Age Tagar population from Southern Siberia (1st millennium BC) 2018-09-20
_[34] 논문 "We observed differences in the mtDNA pool structure between the Early and the Middle chronological stages of the Tagar culture population, as evidenced by the change in the ratio of Western to Eastern Eurasian mtDNA components. The contribution of Eastern Eurasian lineages increased from about one-third (34.8%) in the Early Tagar group to almost one-half (45.8%) in the Middle Tagar group." 2018
_[35] 논문 "According to the results of Unterlander et al. [4], East Eurasian mtDNA components in the Western Eurasian steppe belt increased during the Early Iron Age .... The observed reduction in the genetic distance between the Middle Tagar population and other Scythian-like populations of Southern Siberia (Fig 5; S4 Table), in our opinion, is primarily associated with an increase in the role of East Eurasian mtDNA lineages in the gene pool (up to nearly half of the gene pool) and a substantial increase in the joint frequency of haplogroups C and D (from 8.7% in the Early Tagar series to 37.5% in the Middle Tagar series)." 2018
_[36] 서적
_[37] 서적
_[38] 간행물 On The Genetic Continuity of the Iron Age Pazyryk Culture: Geographic Distributions of the Paternal and Maternal Lineages from the Ak-Alakha-1 Burial https://www.research[...] 2019
_[39] 간행물 The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians https://doi.org/10.1[...] 2022-08-25
_[40] 간행물 Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity https://onlinelibrar[...] 2023-01