하플로그룹 E (Y-DNA)

3. 하위 계통

하플로그룹 E는 크게 E1 (P147)과 E2 (M75)로 나뉜다.

하플로그룹 E-M96의 대부분은 E1에 속하며, 하플로그룹 E2-M75는 드물다.

최근, 이전에 E*-M96으로만 분류되었던 3명의 동아프리카 남성이 E1-P147의 자매 분기점인 새로운 분기점 E-V44에 속한다는 사실이 밝혀졌다. E-P147과 E-V44는 V3725 변이를 공유하며, E2-M75와 E-V3725가 E의 두 개의 알려진 주요 분기점을 구성한다.^[35] 메카와 지잔 출신의 사우디 아라비아인 2명도 이 찾기 어렵고 희귀한 분기점에 속하는 것으로 밝혀졌다.^[36]

패밀리 트리 DNA의 DNA 검사 결과, 아라비아 반도 (사우디 아라비아, 바레인, 쿠웨이트, 예멘, 아랍 에미리트) 출신의 수많은 E-M75 남성과 아슈케나짐 유대인에게서 E-M75가 발견되었다.^[40] E-M75는 레바논 남성에게서도 확인되었다.^[41]

다음은 ISOGG의 하플로그룹 E 하위 분류에 대한 계통수이다.

• E
• * E*
• * E1 P147/PF1938
• ** E1*
• ** E1a M132　서아프리카 일부 민족에서 고빈도로 발견됨.
• ** E1b P177/PF1939

• * E2 M75　동아프리카에서 발견됨.

3. 1. E1 (P147)

3. 2. E2 (M75)

하플로그룹 E-M75(xM41,M54)^영어는 다음 지역에서 발견되었다.^[32]

패밀리 트리 DNA의 사설 상업용 DNA 검사 결과, 아라비아 반도 (사우디 아라비아, 바레인, 쿠웨이트, 예멘, 아랍 에미리트) 출신의 수많은 E-M75^영어 남성과 아슈케나짐 유대인에게서 발견되었다.^[40] E-M75^영어는 또한 레바논 남성에서도 확인되었다.^[41]

4. 계통 발생

하플로그룹 E의 계통 발생은 Y 염색체 컨소시엄 (YCC) 트리,^[42] ISOGG Y-DNA 하플로그룹 트리,^[43] 및 관련 연구를 통해 밝혀지고 있다.

하플로그룹 E는 하플로그룹 DE의 하위 분지이며, 하플로그룹 DE의 또 다른 주요 분지인 하플로그룹 D는 주로 아시아에 분포한다. 초기에는 이러한 점을 근거로 하플로그룹 E가 서아시아에서 기원했을 것이라는 주장이 제기되기도 했다.^[12] 그러나 이후 여러 연구에서 아프리카 기원설이 더 유력하게 제시되고 있다.

2019년 Haber et al.의 연구는 Y 염색체 계통 발생 구조, 하플로그룹 분기 시간 및 나이지리아 3명에게서 발견된 하플로그룹 D0 (DE 계통의 추가 분지로, 하플로그룹 D에서 초기에 분기됨)의 분석을 기반으로 하플로그룹 E의 아프리카 기원을 제안했다. 이 연구는 하플로그룹 DE의 아프리카 기원과 약 50,300~81,000년 전에 아프리카에서 C, D 및 FT의 이주를 지지한다.^[3]

하플로그룹의 하위 분류에 대한 계통수는 다음과 같다.

참조

_[1] 웹사이트 E YTree https://www.yfull.co[...]
_[2] 논문 A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture 2015-04
_[3] 논문 A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa 2019-06
_[4] 논문 Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area
_[5] 논문 Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution
_[6] 간행물 Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent https://web.archive.[...] 2015
_[7] 논문 A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa 2019-06
_[8] 논문 Distribution of Y-chromosomal SNP-haplogroups between males from Ethiopia https://www.fsigenet[...] 2009-11-13
_[9] 논문 Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences
_[10] 논문 Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago 2019
_[11] 논문 The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations
_[12] 논문 YAP insertion signature in South Asia 2007-09
_[13] 논문 Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations
_[14] 논문 New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree
_[15] 논문 Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences
_[16] 간행물 Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent https://web.archive.[...] 2015
_[17] 논문 Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago 2019
_[18] 논문 Supplementary Material: Placing ancient DNA sequences into reference phylogenies 2020-12-20
_[19] 논문 Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa
_[20] 논문 Supplementary Materials for Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa https://advances.sci[...]
_[21] 웹사이트 E1a-M132 (Yfull) https://www.yfull.co[...]
_[22] 논문 Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out of Africa
_[23] 논문 Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: Evidence for sex-biased demographic processes
_[24] 논문 Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: A multiethnic perspective
_[25] 논문 A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes
_[26] 논문 Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages
_[27] 논문 The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations
_[28] 논문 Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events 2008
_[29] 논문 Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia
_[30] 논문 Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean 2008
_[31] 논문 Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions
_[32] 논문 Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes
_[33] 논문 Y-chromosomal variation in Sub-Saharan Africa: insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups
_[34] 논문 Multiple and differentiated contributions to the male gene pool of pastoral and farmer populations of the African Sahel
_[35] 논문 Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent
_[36] 웹사이트 E-FTA45776 https://www.yfull.co[...]
_[37] 웹사이트 E1a-M132 https://www.yfull.co[...]
_[38] 간행물 Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean 2008
_[39] 웹사이트 E-M329 https://www.yfull.co[...]
_[40] 웹사이트 Family Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup E-M75 https://www.familytr[...]
_[41] 논문 Autosomal genetics and Y-chromosome haplogroup L1b-M317 reveal Mount Lebanon Maronites as a persistently non-emigrating population https://www.nature.c[...] Eur J Hum Genet 2021
_[42] 웹사이트 YCC Tree http://ytree.ftdna.c[...] FTDNA 2011-05-16
_[43] 웹사이트 Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree http://www.isogg.org[...] 2012-12-20
_[44] 간행물 Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome
_[45] 웹사이트 Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015 http://www.isogg.org[...] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) 2015-02-01
_[46] 문서 Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
_[47] 문서 Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
_[48] 문서 F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
_[49] 문서 Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
_[50] 문서 Between 2002 and 2008, [[Haplogroup T-M184]] was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to [[Haplogroup K2|K-M526]], the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
_[51] 문서 Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
_[52] 문서 Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
_[53] 문서 Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
_[54] 웹사이트 K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. https://www.yfull.co[...]
_[55] 문서 Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
_[56] 문서 Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
_[57] 간행물 Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area
_[58] 논문 Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009
_[59] 간행물 Origins of modern human ancestry https://www.nature.c[...] 2021-02
_[60] 간행물 A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa 2019-06
_[61] 문서 Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes; also Appendix A 2005
_[62] 간행물 Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa 2004
_[63] 간행물 High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations 2005
_[64] 문서 Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent 2015
_[65] 문서 Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes; also Appendix A 2005
_[66] 간행물 Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa 2004