미국 육군 항공단

3. 조직

1935년 3월 1일, 육군 항공대는 GHQ 항공군 창설과 함께 다음과 같이 조직되었다. 1940년 2월까지 큰 변화는 없었다.^[161]

'''GHQ 항공군'''

프랭크 M. 앤드루스 소장의 지휘 아래, GHQ 항공군은 제1, 2, 3 비행단 등으로 구성되었다.

• 제1 비행단 (헨리 H. 아놀드 준장 지휘): 캘리포니아 마치 야전
• 제7 폭격 그룹
• 제17 공격 그룹
• 제19 폭격 그룹
• 제2 비행단 (H. 콘거 프랫 준장 지휘): 버지니아 랭글리 야전
• 제1 추격 그룹
• 제2 폭격 그룹
• 제8 작전 그룹
• 제9 작전 그룹
• 제3 비행단 (제럴드 C. 브랜트 대령 지휘): 루이지애나 박스데일 야전
• 제3 공격 그룹
• 제20 추격 그룹

• 미첼 필드: 미국 육군 제2군단의 제97관측비행대대
• 일리노이 주 스콧 필드: 제15관측비행대대
• 포트 샘 휴스턴 제8군단: 텍사스 브룩스 필드의 제12관측단 예하 제12관측비행대대, 제22관측비행대대, 제88관측비행대대
• 캘리포니아 크리시 필드: 제9군단 제91관측비행대대
• 텍사스 켈리 필드 육군 항공대 고급 비행 학교: 제40공격, 제41관측, 제42폭격, 제43추격 비행대대, 제39훈련비행대대
• 텍사스 랜돌프 필드 육군 항공대 초급 비행 학교: 제46, 47, 52, 53훈련 비행대대
• 앨라배마 주 맥스웰 필드 육군 항공대 전술 학교: 제51공격, 제54폭격, 제86관측, 제87추격 비행대대
• 일리노이 주 채넛 필드 육군 항공대 기술 학교: 제48추격 비행대대
• 캘리포니아 록웰 필드 록웰 항공 창고: 제4수송비행대대 (1935년 7월 8일 발족)

• 루손 클라크 필드: 제4 혼성 비행단
• 제2 관측
• 제3 추격
• 제28 폭격 비행대
• 하와이 포트 샤프터 델로스 칼튼 에먼스 중령이 지휘하는 제18 혼성 비행단^[163]
• 루크 필드: 제5 혼성 비행단
• 제26 공격
• 제4
• 제50 관측 비행대^[164]
• 휠러 필드: 제18 추격 비행단
• 제6
• 제19 추격 비행대
• 파나마 운하 지대 알브룩 필드: 윌리엄 C. 맥코드 중령이 지휘하는 제19 혼성 비행단^[165]
• 제6 혼성 비행단
• 제25 폭격
• 제7
• 제44 관측 비행대
• 제16 추격 비행단
• 제24
• 제29
• 제74
• 제78 추격 비행대

3. 1. GHQ 항공군

3. 2. 기타 비행 부대

3. 3. 해외 주둔 부대

• 루손 클라크 필드에는 제4 혼성 비행단이 배치되어 있었으며, 예하에 제2 관측, 제3 추격, 제28 폭격 비행대가 있었다.

• 하와이 포트 샤프터에는 델로스 칼튼 에먼스 중령이 지휘하는 제18 혼성 비행단이 있었다.^[163] 루크 필드에는 제5 혼성 비행단이 있었고, 예하에 제26 공격, 제4, 제50 관측 비행대가 있었다.^[164] 휠러 필드에는 제18 추격 비행단과 예하 제6, 제19 추격 비행대가 있었다.

• 파나마 운하 지대 알브룩 필드에는 윌리엄 C. 맥코드 중령이 지휘하는 제19 혼성 비행단이 있었다.^[165] 제6 혼성 비행단은 예하에 제25 폭격, 제7, 제44 관측 비행대를 두었다. 제16 추격 비행단은 예하에 제24, 제29, 제74, 제78 추격 비행대를 두었다.

4. 역대 육군 항공대 사령관

역대 육군 항공대 사령관은 다음과 같다.

번호	초상	이름 (출생–사망)	취임	퇴임	재임 기간
1		메이슨 패트릭 메이슨 M. 패트릭/Mason M. Patrick영어 (1863–1942)	1926년 7월 2일	1927년 12월 13일	1년 5개월
2		제임스 페체트 제임스 E. 페체트/James E. Fechet영어 (1877–1948)	1927년 12월 14일	1931년 12월 19일	4년
3		벤자민 풀루아 벤자민 D. 풀루아/Benjamin D. Foulois영어 (1879–1967)	1931년 12월 20일	1935년 12월 21일	4년
4		오스카 웨스트오버 오스카 M. 웨스트오버/Oscar M. Westover영어 (1883–1938)	1935년 12월 22일	1938년 9월 21일	2년 9개월
5		헨리 아놀드 헨리 H. 아놀드/Henry H. Arnold영어 (1886–1950)	1938년 9월 29일	1941년 6월 20일	2년 9개월
6		조지 H. 브렛 조지 H. 브렛/George H. Brett영어 (1886–1963)	1941년 6월 20일	1942년 3월 9일	9개월

참조

_[1] 서적 Air Force Combat Units of World War II http://media.defense[...] Office of Air Force History
_[2] 문서 Craven and Cate, Vol. 6
_[3] 문서 Mooney and Layman (1944)
_[4] 문서 Tate (1998)
_[5] 문서 Tate (1998)
_[6] 문서 The Coolidge administration boasted of cutting the War Department's budget by 75%.
_[7] 문서 Maurer (1987)
_[8] 문서 Maurer (1987)
_[9] 문서 Tate (1998)
_[10] 문서 Gen. Patrick's proposal of an Air Corps equivalent to the Marine Corps was characterized by Brig. Gen. [[Fox Conner]] (and not for the first nor last time by General Staff opponents of Air Corps independence) as a "promotion scheme".
_[11] 문서 Greer (1985)
_[12] 문서 All Air Corps generals held temporary ranks. The Air Corps did not have a member promoted to permanent establishment general officer until 1937, and he was promptly removed from the Air Corps.
_[13] 문서 Maurer (1987)
_[14] 문서 Gillmore had been chief of the Supply Division of the Air Service. Both he and Lahm served a single tour. Of the three assistant chiefs, Fechet succeeded Patrick in December 1927, Gillmore retired on 30 June 1930, and Lahm reverted to his permanent rank on 16 July 1930.
_[15] 문서 Craven and Cate Vol. 1
_[16] 문서 Tate (1998)
_[17] 문서 Maurer (1987)
_[18] 문서 Tate (1998)
_[19] 문서 The General Staff viewed the "five-year plan" as an opponent of the Army in general and fought it bitterly, citing it as a destructive force at every opportunity. General Drum also chaired the 1933 Drum Board, created specifically to oppose (and revise) plans and appropriation requests submitted by Chief of Air Corps Foulois that were not to the General Staff's liking.
_[20] 문서 Maurer (1987)
_[21] 문서 Maurer (1987)
_[22] 문서 Inactivated on 20 May 1937
_[23] 문서 Redesignated 17th Attack Group (1935), 17th Bomb Group (1939)
_[24] 문서 Maurer (1987)
_[25] 문서 Maurer (1987)
_[26] 문서 The primary difference between the types is the twin-finned tail of the former, and the single vertical stabilizer of the latter design, which gave it marginally superior performance.
_[27] 문서 Maurer (1987)
_[28] 문서 An example is [[Ralph Francis Stearley|Ralph F. Stearley]], who commanded the 13th Attack Squadron for four years as a 1st Lieutenant.
_[29] 문서 Maurer (1987)
_[30] 문서 The Drum Board was a panel of five generals formed in August 1933 by the General Staff to oppose recommendations by Air Corps planners for development and expansion to meet defense needs (Tate (1998) pp. 138–139), while the Baker Board was formed after the Air Mail scandal and had as its military members (who controlled the agenda) the five generals of the Drum Board (Tate pp. 143–145).
_[31] 문서 The Drum Board derived its figure as the number necessary to maintain 2,072 "serviceable" planes for its worst-case scenario, [[United States color-coded war plans|War Plan Red-Orange]]. War plans involving Great Britain ("Red") as an opponent were not officially excluded from United States war planning until January 1938.
_[32] 문서 Shiner, "The Heyday of the GHQ Air Force, 1935–1939"
_[33] 문서 Foulois (1968)
_[34] 문서 Rice (2004)
_[35] 문서 Rice (2004)
_[36] 서적 1998
_[37] 서적 1998
_[38] 문서 The Joint Army-Navy Board was the rudimentary precursor of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]].
_[39] 간행물 The Coming of the GHQ Air Force
_[40] 서적 1998
_[41] 서적 1997
_[42] 서적 1998
_[43] 서적 2002
_[44] 서적 1987
_[45] 서적 1945
_[46] 서적 1998
_[47] 서적 1945
_[48] 서적 1945
_[49] 서적 1945
_[50] 간행물 The Coming of the GHQ Air Force
_[51] 문서
_[52] 서적 1985
_[53] 서적 1988
_[54] 서적 1998
_[55] 문서
_[56] 서적 1998
_[57] 간행물 The Hey Day of the GHQ Air Force, 1935–1939
_[58] 서적 1997
_[59] 서적 1985
_[60] 문서
_[61] 문서
_[62] 서적 1989
_[63] 서적 1985
_[64] 서적 1989
_[65] 서적 1985
_[66] 문서
_[67] 문서
_[68] 서적 1985
_[69] 서적 1945
_[70] 서적 1985
_[71] 서적 Cate 1945
_[72] 논문 "The Coming of the GHQ Air Force, 1935–1939"
_[73] 서적 Greer 1985
_[74] 간행물 GHQ Air Force AIR FORCE Magazine 2008-09
_[75] 문서 A coup styled "the revolt of the sergeants" seized the Cuban military and replaced a provisional government sponsored by the Roosevelt Administration with a junta. Although Roosevelt was disposed to intervention as a last resort, warnings that he intended to intervene under the Treaty of 1903 were made to the revolutionaries.
_[76] 서적 Maurer 1987
_[77] 문서 Four ground force field army headquarters were established at the same time.
_[78] 서적 Craven and Cate
_[79] 간행물 GHQ Air Force
_[80] 문서 These divisions were specifically four infantry and three horse cavalry.
_[81] 서적 Tate 1998
_[82] 문서 Brig. Gen. [[Charles E. Kilbourne]], at the core of the General Staff's disputes with the Air Corps and supervisor of the revision of TR 440-15, authored these suggestions. He also freely espoused his opinion that expansion of the Air Corps was primarily a "selfish" means of promotion for aviators at the expense of the rest of the Army. Although rapid promotion of youthful airmen became a cliche in World War II, during the inter-war years Air Service/Air Corps promotion lagged notoriously behind that of the other branches. On the 669-name promotion list for colonel in 1922, on which Kilbourne had been 76th, the first airman (later Chief of Air Corps [[James Fechet]]) had been 354th. The 1,800 aircraft goal was never reached because of General Staff resistance to the "five-year plan", but the War Plans Division did deem it "acceptable" for implementation of War Plan Red-Orange. The Air Corps, based on studies of joint exercises held at [[Key West, Florida|Key West]], Florida, found the number dangerously inadequate, concluding that 4,459 aircraft was the minimum needed to defend the United States against air attack in the event of War Plan Red-Orange.
_[83] 서적 Tate 1998
_[84] 문서 The wings were organized both functionally and geographically. The 1st was both the bombardment and the Pacific wing, the 2d the pursuit and Atlantic wing, and the 3rd the attack and Gulf Coast wing.
_[85] 서적 Maurer 1987
_[86] 서적 Craven and Cate
_[87] 서적 Rice 2004
_[88] 문서 Andrews and Westover were both 1906 graduates of West Point, with Andrews graduating one position higher in class standings. Andrews had originally been a cavalryman, and had married into the inner circles in Washington, while Westover, a former infantry officer with the unfortunate nickname of "Tubby," had pursued his career with bulldog-like determination. He had not learned to fly until he was 40 years of age and was a reluctant participant in Washington's social environs, usually depending on his assistant Hap Arnold to fulfill the protocol role. As early as 5 May 1919, in a memo to Director of Air Service Charles Menoher for whom he was assistant executive officer, Westover had demonstrated a loyalty to subordination, urging the relief of Billy Mitchell from his position as Third Assistant Executive (S-3) of the Air Service—along with his division heads—if their advocacy of positions not conforming to Army policy did not cease.
_[89] 서적 Mooney 1956
_[90] 문서 The base commander of Selfridge Field was responsible for various aspects of administration to the CG of GHQAF, the Chief of the Air Corps, the commander of the Sixth Corps Area, and the Chief of the Air Materiel Division.
_[91] 서적 Mooney 1956
_[92] 서적 Tate 1998
_[93] 문서 The Woodring Plan (based on the "Balanced Air Corps Program" developed after a two-year War Department study) was another "five-year plan" that called for adding 1,094 aircraft: 144 four-engine bombers, 266 two-engine bombers, 259 attack aircraft, and 425 pursuits, to begin in FY 1940 (July 1939). It was supported by both Andrews and Westover.
_[94] 논문 "The Heyday of the GHQ Air Force, 1935–1939"
_[95] 간행물 "Rendezvous With the ''Rex''" AIR FORCE Magazine 2008-12
_[96] 문서 The distance is commonly but erroneously given as 725 miles. The ''Rex'' was actually that distance in nautical miles offshore on her last position report as the B-17s were taxiing for takeoff.
_[97] 서적 Bowman 1997
_[98] 웹사이트 Factsheets: Douglas XC-32 https://web.archive.[...] NMUSAF 2013-06-28
_[99] 문서 This group had operated as the provisional "1st Transport Group" between 1932 and 1937, with a squadron serving each of the Air Corps' four air depots. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 7 p. 4)
_[100] 웹사이트 Factsheets: Douglas C-33 https://web.archive.[...] NMUSAF 2013-06-28
_[101] 서적 Maurer 1987
_[102] 웹사이트 Factsheets: Douglas C-39 https://web.archive.[...] NMUSAF 2013-06-28
_[103] 서적 Craven and Cate
_[104] 논문 "The Coming of the GHQ Air Force"
_[105] 서적 Griffith 1999
_[106] 서적 Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 212
_[107] 서적 Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 198–199
_[108] 문서 The B-36 fulfilled the requirements of Project D, the ultra-range bomber envisioned by Air Corps planners in 1935 but rejected by the War Department in 1938.
_[109] 서적 Craven and Cate Vol. 1, pp. 109–110
_[110] 문서 Arnold called this speech the "Magna Carta of airpower".
_[111] 웹사이트 Message of President Roosevelt to the Congress, 12 January 1939 http://www.mtholyoke[...] 2008-05-16
_[112] 서적 Shiner, "The Coming of the GHQ Air Force", p. 155
_[113] 서적 Coffey (1982), p. 179, 392 Note 27
_[114] 문서 Roosevelt's plans were more far-reaching than the speech indicates. At a confidential and historic conference in the White House in late 1938, Roosevelt met with Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr.; WPA Chief Harry L. Hopkins; Solicitor General Robert H. Jackson; Secretary of War Woodring; Secretary of the Navy Charles Edison; General Counsel of the Treasury Herman Oliphant; Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Harold R. Stark; Craig; Marshall; and Arnold. He outlined a vigorous and singular call for 10,000 aircraft, but was persuaded by advisers to cut back the number for political reasons. The date of this conference is in dispute. Arnold, from the notes he made on a manila envelope, stated in Global Mission (p. 177, with which Coffey agrees) that it took place on 28 September while Neville Chamberlain was preparing to return to Germany to complete the Munich Agreement. Other historians, including Gen. John W. Huston, editor of American Airpower Comes of Age: General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold's World War II Diaries, and Mark Skinner Watson, in the Army's official history Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations (United States Army in World War II series), date the meeting as 14 November. Huston asserts that the Navy was pointedly excluded from the conference and argues that a number of White House "crisis" conferences were held in October and November, most without written record, and that Arnold confused them, inserting the date (in pencil on an otherwise ink record) in his notes after-the-fact (Huston, Vol. I, pp. 120–121, note 216). Watson indicates that only Roosevelt's "naval aides" represented the Navy (p. 137). Coffey argues that beginning with Roosevelt's weekly press conference of 14 October, the president issued public and private statements that indicated his Air Corps expansion plans were already well underway. William Goss, in his summary for Army Air Forces in World War II, uses 14 November, but concedes that expansion plans were well underway before November, and that Arnold was possibly correct. Greer (The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941) agrees with Arnold and Coffey (p. 100). Because both dates are marked by notable events involving Nazi Germany (the U.S. broke diplomatic relations with Germany on 14 November), the actual date remains unresolved.
_[115] 서적 Williams (1953), p. 12. Public Law 18, 76th Congress, 1st Session.
_[116] 문서 20 additional B-17Cs were delivered Lend-Lease to the RAF under the designation "Fortress I" in 1941.
_[117] 간행물 Our Still-Flying Fortress. https://books.google[...] Popular Mechanics 1985-01
_[118] 문서 A shortage of critical materials and insufficient skilled labor delayed production, which did not begin until April 1941. The first deliveries of the B-17E to the AAF began in November 1941, five months later than scheduled. Its successor, the List of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants#B-17F, followed less than six months later however and was the primary AAF bomber in its first year of combat operations.
_[119] 문서 The Kilner Board, appointed by Arnold, was chaired by Assistant Chief of the Air Corps Brig. Gen. Walter G. "Mike" Kilner, a veteran pursuit pilot and proponent of an independent Air Force.
_[120] 서적 Cate (1945), p. 18.
_[121] 문서 The service was not authorized an official air staff until creation of the Army Air Forces in June 1941.
_[122] 서적 White (1949), p. 2
_[123] 서적 Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 600–602
_[124] 서적 White (1949), p. 9
_[125] 서적 Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 600
_[126] 서적 White (1949), pp. 6–7
_[127] 문서 These were the 11th, 22nd, 25th and 29th Bomb Groups; 27th, 31st, 35th, 36th, and 37th Pursuit Groups; and the 28th Composite Group. Of the bomb groups, all but the 22nd were intended to be B-17 units.
_[128] 서적 Futrell (1989), p. 101
_[129] 문서 Under a program called the First Aviation Objective, the plan called for 4006 combat aircraft, including 498 long-range bombers in 14 groups, as well as a substantial increase in pursuit planes and units.
_[130] 서적 Futrell (1951), pp. 23–24.
_[131] 서적 Futrell (1989), p. 102
_[132] 문서 The original goals of the Second Aviation Objective were 84 combat groups; 7,799 tactical aircraft; and the annual addition of 30,000 pilots and 100,000 technical personnel.
_[133] 서적 Craven and Cate Vol. 1, pp. 105–106
_[134] 서적 Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 134–136
_[135] 문서 The acquisition boards put together by the General Staff were hampered by their total unfamiliarity with Air Corps needs, a lack of instructions from a General Staff also unfamiliar with and disinterested in AC requirements, and the slowness of the boards themselves in submitting their reports. The Air Corps estimated that the 54-group program was set back two months by the failures. (Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 134–136)
_[136] 서적 Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 173
_[137] 서적 Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 173–174
_[138] 문서 AAF Statistical Digest, Table 4 – Military Personnel in Continental U.S. and Overseas, By Type of Personnel.
_[139] 서적 Futrell (1951), p. 26.
_[140] 서적 Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 173–175
_[141] 서적 1987
_[142] 서적 1951
_[143] 문서 The 21 major bases were Barksdale, Bolling, Brooks, Chanute, Hamilton, Kelly, Langley, Lowry, March, Maxwell, McChord, Mitchel, Moffett, Randolph, Scott, Selfridge, and Wright Fields, and the Fairfield, Middletown, Sacramento, and San Antonio Air Depots.
_[144] 서적 1998
_[145] 간행물 Official Register of the United States 1941, Volume I U.S. Civil Service Commission 1941
_[146] 문서 The 15 general officer billets consisted of four major generals, and eleven brigadier generals. In addition, the commanding general of GHQAF was promoted to lieutenant general. Only four Air Corps officers achieved the permanent rank of brigadier general before the AAF was created, and only two of those (Arnold, who was the last of the four, and Andrews) still had air force duties.
_[147] 서적
_[148] 간행물 GHQ Air Force
_[149] 서적
_[150] 서적
_[151] 서적
_[152] 서적
_[153] 서적
_[154] 문서 The popularity of the concept is reflected in the advocacy by candidate Wendell Willkie during the 1940 presidential campaign for a Department of Defense and an independent Air Force. 1940
_[155] 서적 1956
_[156] 서적 1956
_[157] 서적 The three documents referenced, AR 95-5, EO 9082, and WD Circular 59, are reproduced in their entirety. 1996
_[158] 서적 1997
_[159] 문서 Infantry and the other combat arms also had their chiefs abolished and functions transferred to the Army Ground Forces.
_[160] 논문 But What About the Air Corps? 2009-07
_[161] 문서 The 1st Wing's 38th RS was attached to the 19th BG and the 88th RS to the 7th BG. The 2nd Wing's 18th RS was attached to the 9th BG and the 21st RS to the 2nd BG. The 9th Group's 14th BS and 2nd Group's 54th BS, neither of which had operational duties, were inactivated at the same time.
_[162] 문서 These four squadrons were inactivated on 1 September 1936 and replaced by the 61st through 64th School Squadrons inclusive. 1936-09-01
_[163] 문서 In September 1936 the wing became a general officer billet and Brig. Gen. Barton K. Yount was assigned. 1936-09
_[164] 문서 The 23d and 72d BS from the 19th BG were attached.
_[165] 문서 In June 1936 the wing became a general officer billet and Brig. Gen. George H. Brett was assigned. 1936-06
_[166] 웹사이트 Records of the Army Air Forces (AAF) https://www.archives[...] National Archives.gov 2010-11-22
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