문덕황후 (당나라)

3. 가족 관계

4. 평가

문덕황후는 검소하고 어진 성품으로 백성들의 존경을 받았으며, 당 태종의 정치에 긍정적인 영향을 끼친 것으로 평가받는다. 특히, 외척 세력의 발호를 경계하고, 정적(政敵)의 처벌을 완화하는 데 힘쓰는 등 중도적이고 온건한 정치적 입장을 견지했다.^[7] 그녀의 언행과 사상은 '여칙'이라는 책으로 남아 후대에까지 영향을 미쳤다. 중국 역사상 가장 현명한 황후 중 한 명으로 꼽힌다.

황후는 예법을 존중하고 검소한 생활을 하였다. 다른 비빈이 낳은 예장공주를 친딸처럼 양육하는 어진 모습을 보이기도 했다. 태종이 정치에 관해 물으면 "암탉이 새벽을 알리면 집안이 망한다"며 쉽게 대답하지 않았고, 오빠 장손무기가 중용되는 것을 반대했다. 이복 오빠 장손안업이 반란에 연루되어 처형될 위기에 처하자 목숨을 구해달라고 간청하여 정치에 개입한다는 오해를 사지 않으려 했다.^[7]

정관 10년(636년), 36세로 세상을 떠났으며, 소릉에 합장되었다. 시호는 문덕성황후(文德聖皇后)였다. 그녀가 죽은 후 태종은 다시 황후를 세우지 않고, 그녀의 능을 항상 바라보았다고 한다.

5. 관련 사료

• 구당서 권51 열전 제1 '태종 문덕황후 장손씨전'^[1]
• 신당서 권76 열전 제1 '문덕장손황후전'^[2]

참조

_[1] 문서 Empress Zhangsun's biography in ''Old Book of Tang'' indicate that she was 36 (by East Asian reckoning) when she died. Thus, her birth year should be 601 (1st year of the ''Renshou'' era of the reign of Emperor Wen of Sui). Separately, vol. 34 of ''Tang Hui Yao'' recorded that on the 6th day of the 2nd month of the 1st year of the ''Longshuo'' era of Tang Gaozong's reign, the Court of Imperial Sacrifices was ordered to stop practising their music for 6 days, as it was an anniversay related to Empress Zhangsun ([龙朔元年]二月六日。敕太常寺。六日停教音乐。太宗皇帝文德皇后忌日故也。). Since Empress Zhangsun's death date was recorded, this anniversay should then be referring to her birthday. The 6th day of the 2nd month of the 1st year of the ''Renshou'' era corresponds to 15 Mar 601 in the Julian calendar.
_[2] 문서 Volume 194 of ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'' recorded that Zhangsun died on the ''jimao'' day in the 6th month of the 10th year of the ''Zhenguan'' era of Tang Taizong's reign. This date corresponds to 28 Jul 636 in the Julian calendar. [(贞观十年六月)己卯，崩于立政殿。]
_[3] 서적 Notable women of China: Shang dynasty to the early twentieth century https://books.google[...] M.E. Sharpe
_[4] 문서 While historical records clearly state that Lady Gao was Zhangsun Sheng's wife, she might have not been his first wife, as while it was possible that Empress Zhangsun's older brother Zhangsun Anye, who was said to have expelled Zhangsun Wuji and Empress Zhangsun from the Zhangsun household, could have done so merely on pure strength, he might not have otherwise had the authority to do so had his mother not also have been a wife (i.e., a wife who died prior to Zhangsun Sheng's marriage to Lady Gao) rather than a concubine.
_[5] 문서 Zhangsun Wuji's biography in the ''[[Old Book of Tang]]'' actually wrote that the Zhangsuns traced their ancestry to the "third older brother of [[Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei]]." See ''Old Book of Tang'', [[:zh:s:舊唐書/卷65|vol. 65]]. However, this appeared to be in error, as Emperor Xianwen was the oldest son of his father, [[Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei]], and thus could not have had a third older brother. Based on the ''[[Book of Wei]]'', the reference appeared to be intended to "the third older brother of Emperor Xian of Northern Wei," Emperor Xian being the posthumous honor conferred by Emperor Taiwu on Tuoba Kuali's son and successor Tuoba Linli (拓拔鄰立). See ''Book of Wei'', vols. [[:zh:s:魏書/卷1|1]], [[:zh:s:魏書/卷113|113]].
_[6] 문서 Volume 191 of ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'' recorded that Taizong assumed the throne on the ''jiazi'' day of the 8th month of the 9th year of the Wude era of Tang Gaozu's reign. This date corresponds to 4 Sep 626 on the Gregorian calendar. [(武德九年八月)甲子，太宗即皇帝位于东宫显德殿...]
_[7] 문서 From Volume 194 of ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'' [''長孫皇后性仁孝儉素，好讀書，常與上從容商略古事，因而獻替，裨益弘多。上或以非罪譴怒宮人，後亦陽怒，請自推鞫，因命囚系，俟上怒息，徐為申理，由是宮壺之中，刑無枉濫。豫章公主早喪其母，後收養之，慈愛逾於所生。妃嬪以下有疾，後親撫視，輟己之藥膳以資之，宮中無不愛戴。''].
_[8] 서적 李白伝記論 研文出版 1994-09