하플로그룹 P (Y-DNA)

3. 하위 계통

하플로그룹 P는 크게 P1 (P295/PF5866/S8)과 P2 (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763)로 나뉜다.^[12] P1은 다시 P1a, P1b, P1c (M45/PF5962)로 나뉘며, P1c는 하플로그룹 Q와 하플로그룹 R의 조상이다.^[1] P2는 필리핀 아에타족에게서 발견된다.^[1]

하플로그룹 P의 하위 분류와 이를 정의하는 돌연변이는 다음과 같다.^[12]

• '''P''' (P-F5850)
• * '''P1''' (P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231)
• ** '''P1a''' (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763)
• ** '''P1b''' (FT292000)
• ** '''P1c''' (M45/PF5962)

• * '''P2''' (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763)

3. 1. P1 (P295/PF5866/S8)

3. 1. 1. P1(xP1c) 분포

P*는 필리핀 루손섬의 아에타족에서 높은 빈도로 나타나며^[97], 다른 동남아시아에서도 발견된다.

3. 1. 2. P1c (M45) 분포

이 외에도 남아시아, 동남아시아, 이란 등지의 일부 민족에게서도 P1c (M45) 하플로그룹이 발견된다.^{[22][49][23][24][25][26][27]}

3. 2. P2 (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763)

4. 다른 하플로그룹과의 관계

하플로그룹 P1은 데네-예니세이어족과 관련이 있을 가능성이 있다.^[97]

참조

_[1] 논문 Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor 2014-09
_[1] 논문 Genetic diversity of four Filipino negrito populations from Luzon: comparison of male and female effective population sizes and differential integration of immigrants into Aeta and Agta communities https://digitalcommo[...] 2013
_[2] 논문 A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios 2006-01
_[3] 논문 Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using "next-generation" sequencing data http://biorxiv.org/c[...]
_[4] 웹사이트 Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches https://dna-explaine[...] 2020-09-12
_[5] 웹사이트 P YTree https://www.yfull.co[...]
_[6] 웹사이트 P YTree https://www.yfull.co[...] 2023-09-11
_[7] 문서
_[8] 논문 A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes 2021-02
_[9] 서적 Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past https://books.google[...] National Geographic Books 2007-11-20
_[10] 웹사이트 P YTree https://www.yfull.co[...] 2024-08-09
_[11] 웹사이트 Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): Downloadable genotypes of present-day and ancient DNA data {{!}} David Reich Lab https://reich.hms.ha[...] 2024-01-21
_[12] 웹사이트 P YTree https://www.yfull.co[...] 2023-09-11
_[13] 논문 The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene 2019-06
_[14] 논문 The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia 2018-07
_[15] 논문 Early human dispersals within the Americas https://backend.orbi[...] 2018-12
_[16] 논문 The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene 2019-06
_[17] 논문 The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal 2024-03
_[18] 논문 Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions 2006-01
_[19] 논문 Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times 2006-04
_[20] 논문 The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity 2001-08
_[21] 논문 Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis 2005-02
_[22] 논문 Austro-Asiatic tribes of Northeast India provide hitherto missing genetic link between South and Southeast Asia 2007-11
_[23] 논문 Close genetic relationship between Semitic-speaking and Indo-European-speaking groups in Iran 2008-03
_[24] 논문 Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration 2006
_[25] 논문 Mitochondrial DNA variation and language replacements in the Caucasus 2001-06
_[26] 논문 Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates 2003-07
_[27] 논문 A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios 2006-01
_[28] 논문 Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a 2010-04
_[29] 논문 The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a 2015-01
_[30] 논문 Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA variation in Lithuanians 2004-09
_[31] 논문 Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway 2006-12
_[32] 논문 The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula 2008-12
_[33] 논문 Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe 2009-06
_[34] 논문 Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries 2003-10
_[35] 논문 A Y chromosome census of the British Isles 2003-05
_[36] 논문 Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia 2004-01
_[37] 논문 Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome 2009-01
_[38] 논문 Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan 2007-01
_[39] 논문 Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation 2009-07
_[40] 논문 Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis 2005-09
_[41] 논문 Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic 2008-03
_[42] 논문 Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau 2007-04
_[43] 논문 Gene pool structure of eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. 2004-03
_[44] 논문 Frequencies of Y chromosome binary haplogroups in Belarussians. 2005-08
_[45] 논문 Gene pool differences between northern and southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups. 2007-05
_[46] 논문 Excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: the genetic legacy of the Vikings in northwest England 2008-02
_[47] 논문 The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations 2003-02
_[48] 논문 The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes 2002-01
_[49] 논문 Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasus 2004-05
_[50] 논문 Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistan 2002-05
_[51] 논문 Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area 2004-05
_[52] 논문 Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists 2006-02
_[53] 논문 The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system 2009-01
_[54] 문서 The source (Varzari) gives location as Karahasani, Tighina County (Moldova). The Ștefan Vodă District, where Carahasani, or {{sic|Karahasani}}, is located, was formerly (1998-2003) part of Tighina County. During this period, Tighina County was included as an administrative division of Moldava: "... the southeastern sample of the Moldavians (N=123) is from the Village of Karahasani, the Tighina district."
_[55] PhD Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from Alu Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms https://edoc.ub.uni-[...] 2021-09-30
_[56] 논문 The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiang 2003-08
_[57] 논문 Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group 2001-12
_[58] 논문 Haplogroup distribution of Hungarian population and the largest minority group. 2008-08
_[59] 논문 Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration 2002-07
_[60] 논문 Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events 2012
_[61] 논문 Testing the hypothesis of an ancient Roman soldier origin of the Liqian people in northwest China: a Y-chromosome perspective 2007
_[62] 논문 Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language 2000-12
_[63] 논문 Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome microstructure in Tunisia 2011-10
_[64] 논문 Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland 2000-09
_[65] 논문 Y-chromosome diversity in modern Bulgarians: new clues about their ancestry 2013
_[66] 논문 Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe 2004-10
_[67] 논문 High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations 2005-10
_[68] 논문 Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context 2008-01
_[69] 논문 Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry 2005-07
_[70] 논문 The western and eastern roots of the Saami--the story of genetic "outliers" told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes 2004-04
_[71] 논문 Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis. Elsevier 2004-04-01
_[72] 논문 MtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in Kurdish groups 2005-07-01
_[73] 논문 Human Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Kurdish population sample 1999-01-01
_[74] 논문 Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations. 2003-09-01
_[75] 논문 Y-chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia 2009-10-01
_[76] 논문 Local population structure in Arabian Peninsula revealed by Y-STR diversity 2009-01-01
_[77] 논문 Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. 2008-03-01
_[78] 논문 Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait 2009-11-01
_[79] 논문 Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan 2005-01-01
_[80] 논문 Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events 2008-04-01
_[81] 논문 A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe 2011-01-01
_[82] 논문 The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations 2004-03-01
_[83] 논문 Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome
_[84] 웹사이트 International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), ''Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015'' http://www.isogg.org[...] 2015-02-01
_[85] 문서 Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
_[86] 문서 Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
_[87] 문서 F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
_[88] 문서 Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
_[89] 문서 Between 2002 and 2008, [[Haplogroup T-M184]] was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to [[Haplogroup K2|K-M526]], the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
_[90] 문서 Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
_[91] 문서 Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
_[92] 문서 Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
_[93] 웹사이트 K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit. https://www.yfull.co[...]
_[94] 문서 Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
_[95] 문서 Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
_[96] 논문 New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree 2008-01-01
_[97] 웹사이트 https://isogg.org/tr[...]
_[98] 저널인용 A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes 2020-07-14
_[99] 문서 The island of Luzon, in the Philippines is the only known location of P2 (P-B253) and one of only a few locations for P*; it also features P1* (M45). See, for example: Tumonggor, Karafet et al., 2014, "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor", ''Journal of Human Genetics'' Vol. 59, No. 9 (September), pp. 494–503, and; E. Heyer et al., 2013, "Genetic Diversity of Four Filipino Negrito Populations from Luzon: Comparison of Male and Female Effective Population Sizes and Differential Integration of Immigrants into Aeta and Agta Communities", ''Human Biology'', Vol. 85, Iss. 1, p. 201
_[100] 웹사이트 Tatiana M Karafet et al. 2015, "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia", ''European Journal of Human Genetics'', No. 23, pp. 369–373. http://www.nature.co[...]