유트아스테카어족

3. 분류

유토아스테카어족은 1900년대 초부터 단일 어족으로 여겨져 왔으며, 일반적으로 8개의 언어 그룹으로 하위 분류되는 것이 인정되고 있다. 어떤 언어 변종이 독립된 언어이고, 어떤 것이 방언에 불과한지, 그리고 상위 분류에 대해서는 의견이 일치하지 않는다.

캠벨(1997), 미슨(1999), 고다드(1999)의 의견 일치에 따른 분류는 다음과 같다.

이 외에도, 지금은 사멸했거나 기록되지 않았거나 잘 알려지지 않은 멕시코 북부의 언어들 중 다수가 유트아스테카어족이었을 것으로 추정된다.^[57]

유토아스테카어족의 하위 범주에 관한 대부분의 문제는 학자들 사이에서 논의가 분분하며, 특히 상위 수준 그룹화에 대한 이견은 19세기부터 지속되었다. 현재 학자들은 방언 연속체 내에서 언어 경계를 어디에 그릴지에 대해서도 의견이 일치하지 않는다.

2011년경부터 "북부 유토아스테카어"와 "남부 유토아스테카어" 언어 간의 제안된 기본적인 분할을 받아들일지 여부에 대한 논쟁이 여전히 진행 중이다.^[11] 테렌스 카우프만은 북부 및 남부 분파로의 기본적인 분할을 유효한 것으로 받아들였다. 그러나 윅 R. 밀러는 통계적 근거로 북부 유토아스테카어가 하나의 단위로 간주될 수 있을 만큼 공통 어휘가 충분하지 않다고 주장했다. 반면에 그는 남부 유토아스테카어 간의 공통 어휘 수가 유전적 관계를 시사한다고 생각했다.^[11]

일부 분류는 코라촐과 나우아어 간의 유전적 관계를 가정했지만,^[11] 카우프만은 코라촐과 아스테카어 간의 유사성을 확산으로 설명한다.^[11]

3. 1. 분류의 역사

4. 음운론

유트아스테카어족의 음운 체계는 비교적 단순한 편이다.

4. 1. 자음

• n과 *ŋ은 실제로는 각각 *l와 *n이었을 수도 있다.

• n과 *ŋ은 실제로는 각각 *l과 *n이었을지도 모른다.

5. 외부 관계

"아즈텍-타노아" 상위어족은 20세기 초 에드워드 사피어가 처음 제안했으며, 우토아즈텍어족과 미국 남서부의 타노아어족을 통합한다. 이후 다른 학자들이 어휘적 증거로 이를 뒷받침했다. 이 제안은 제안된 동계어 집합의 타당성에 대해 많은 비판을 받았으며, 지난 세기 말 이후 입증되지 않아 대부분 폐기되었다.^[7]

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