토카리스탄

3. 지리

4. 역사

지리적으로 토카리스탄은 남쪽의 힌두쿠시산맥과 북쪽의 파미르알라이산맥 사이의 옥수스강 상류 계곡에 해당한다.^[4] 이 지역은 서쪽으로 바다흐샨 산맥까지, 남쪽으로 바미안까지 뻗어 있다.^[4] 아랍 자료는 카불을 토카리스탄의 남쪽 경계, 샤가니얀을 북쪽 경계로 간주했다.^[4] 좁은 의미에서 토카리스탄은 옥수스강 남쪽 지역만을 지칭할 수 있다.^[4]

4. 1. 고대

4. 2. 중세 초기

4. 3. 중세 후기

• -^[2]

5. 민족

토카리스탄에는 다양한 민족이 거주하였다. 양나라의 직공도에는 에프탈 지배 시기 쿠보디욘, 쿠메드, 발흐 등에서 온 대사들의 모습이 묘사되어 있다.^{[34][35][36][37][38][39]}

5. 1. 타림 분지의 "토하라인"

6. 문화

중세 초기 토카리스탄의 예술은 간다라 불교 미술의 영향을 받은 수많은 공예품이 특징이다.^[45] 딜베르진 테페나 발라릭 테페의 인물들이 에프탈의 특징을 가졌다는 주장이 있으며, 중국령 투르키스탄의 키질 석굴 인물들과 유사점이 발견된다. 발라릭 테페의 그림은 돌궐 이전 시대인 6세기 전반 에프탈 궁정 생활의 모습을 보여준다.^[47][48]

칼라이 카피르니간, 카피르 칼라, 아지나 테페 등에서 "토카리스탄 미술 학파"의 예시가 발견된다.^[51][52] 서돌궐(토하라 야브구)의 후원과 종교적 관용으로 불교와 불교 미술이 부흥기를 맞이했다.^[53]

이슬람 미술은 10세기에서 12세기 사이에 사만 왕조와 가즈나 왕조를 거치면서 발전했다.

6. 1. 예술

6. 2. 종교

참조

_[1] 논문 Chinese Records on Bamiyan: Translation and Commentary https://www.jstor.or[...]
_[2] 서적 歐亞學刊 新3辑 (Eurasian Studies III): Records Relevant to the Hephthalites in Ancient Chinese Historical Works https://www.academia[...] 中華書局 2012
_[3] 논문 Chinese Records on Bamiyan: Translation and Commentary https://www.jstor.or[...]
_[4] 서적 Islam and Tibet – Interactions along the Musk Routes https://books.google[...] Routledge 2016-12-14
_[5] 서적 Chinese Accounts of India https://books.google[...] Susil Gupta
_[6] 논문 Tokharian Buddhism in Kucha: Buddhism of Indo-European Centum Speakers in Chinese Turkestan before the 10th Century C.E. http://www.sino-plat[...] 1998-10
_[7] 서적 Alphabet A Key To The History Of Mankind https://archive.org/[...] 1948
_[8] 서적 Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West https://books.google[...] BRILL 2013-11-28
_[9] 서적 冯承钧学术著作集中 https://books.google[...] Beijing Book Co. Inc. 2015-06
_[10] 서적 Chinese Monks in India: Biography of Eminent Monks who Went to the Western World in Search of the Law During the Great Tʻang Dynasty https://books.google[...] Motilal Banarsidass
_[11] 논문 Some Examples of Central Asian Decorative Elements in Ajanta and Bagh Indian Paintings https://www.academia[...]
_[12] 웹사이트 Silver bowl, British Museum https://www.britishm[...]
_[13] 웹사이트 Silver bowl, British Museum https://www.britishm[...]
_[14] 서적 The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion https://books.google[...] BRILL
_[15] 서적 DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India https://books.google[...] Dorling Kindersley Limited 2017
_[16] 논문 Some Examples of Central Asian Decorative Elements in Ajanta and Bagh Indian Paintings https://www.academia[...]
_[17] 논문 Tokharian Buddhism in Kucha: Buddhism of Indo-European Centum Speakers in Chinese Turkestan before the 10th Century C.E. http://www.sino-plat[...] 1998-10
_[18] 서적 Alphabet A Key To The History Of Mankind https://archive.org/[...] 1948
_[19] 서적 La stèle chrétienne de Si-ngan-fou. 3 / par le P. Henri Havret,... ; avec la collab. du P. Louis Cheikho,... [pour la IIIe partie] https://gallica.bnf.[...] 1895–1902
_[20] 서적 The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature https://books.google[...] Scarecrow Press
_[21] 서적 Persian Christians at the Chinese Court: The Xi'an Stele and the Early Medieval Church of the East https://books.google[...] Bloomsbury Publishing
_[22] 논문 The Architecture and Art of Kafyr Kala (Early Medieval Tokharistan) https://www.jstor.or[...]
_[23] 논문 THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS http://oaji.net/arti[...]
_[24] 논문 THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS http://oaji.net/arti[...]
_[25] 서적 Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia https://books.google[...] Brill Archive
_[26] 서적 History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 https://books.google[...] UNESCO 1996
_[27] 논문 Les fouilles de la mission archéologique soviéto-afghane sur le site gréco-kushan de Dilberdjin en Bactriane https://www.persee.f[...]
_[28] 서적 History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 https://books.google[...] UNESCO 1996-01
_[29] 서적 UNESCO Collection of History of Civilizations of Central Asia : Online chapter http://unesco.cultur[...]
_[30] 서적 History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set https://books.google[...] Bloomsbury Publishing 2018-04-18
_[31] 서적 History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set https://books.google[...] Bloomsbury Publishing 2018-04-18
_[32] 논문 Kalai-Kafirnigan Problems in the Religion and Art of Early Mediaeval Tokharistan https://www.jstor.or[...]
_[33] 서적 Islam and Tibet – Interactions along the Musk Routes https://books.google[...] Routledge 2016-12-14
_[34] 저널 Some Examples of Central Asian Decorative Elements in Ajanta and Bagh Indian Paintings https://www.academia[...]
_[35] 웹인용 Silver bowl, British Museum https://www.britishm[...]
_[36] 웹인용 Silver bowl, British Museum https://www.britishm[...]
_[37] 서적 The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion https://books.google[...] BRILL
_[38] 서적 DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India https://books.google[...] Dorling Kindersley Limited 2017
_[39] 저널 Some Examples of Central Asian Decorative Elements in Ajanta and Bagh Indian Paintings https://www.academia[...]
_[40] 저널 Tokharian Buddhism in Kucha: Buddhism of Indo-European Centum Speakers in Chinese Turkestan before the 10th Century C.E. http://www.sino-plat[...] 1998-10
_[41] 서적 Alphabet A Key To The History Of Mankind https://archive.org/[...] 1948
_[42] 서적 La stèle chrétienne de Si-ngan-fou. 3 / par le P. Henri Havret,... ; avec la collab. du P. Louis Cheikho,... [pour la IIIe partie] https://gallica.bnf.[...] 1895–1902
_[43] 서적 The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature https://books.google[...] Scarecrow Press
_[44] 서적 Persian Christians at the Chinese Court: The Xi'an Stele and the Early Medieval Church of the East https://books.google[...] Bloomsbury Publishing
_[45] 저널 The Architecture and Art of Kafyr Kala (Early Medieval Tokharistan) https://www.jstor.or[...]
_[46] 저널 THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS http://oaji.net/arti[...]
_[47] 문서 Several murals at Dilberjin date from the 5th to the 7th century.
_[48] 서적 Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia https://books.google[...] Brill Archive
_[49] 서적 History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 https://books.google[...] UNESCO 1996
_[50] 저널 Les fouilles de la mission archéologique soviéto-afghane sur le site gréco-kushan de Dilberdjin en Bactriane https://www.persee.f[...]
_[51] 서적 History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 https://books.google[...] UNESCO 1996-01
_[52] 서적 UNESCO Collection of History of Civilizations of Central Asia : Online chapter http://unesco.cultur[...]
_[53] 서적 History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set https://books.google[...] Bloomsbury Publishing 2018-04-18
_[54] 서적 History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set https://books.google[...] Bloomsbury Publishing 2018-04-18
_[55] 저널 Kalai-Kafirnigan Problems in the Religion and Art of Early Mediaeval Tokharistan https://www.jstor.or[...]