주의력결핍 과잉행동장애

3. 증상

주의력 조절, 억제 조절, 작업 기억 등의 실행 기능은 선택한 목표 달성을 돕는 행동을 성공적으로 선택하고 감시하는 데 필요한 인지 과정이다.^[169][11] 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애(ADHD) 환자에게서 발생하는 실행 기능 장애는 정리 유지, 시간 관리, 미루는 버릇 조절, 집중력 유지, 주의 집중, 주의 산만 무시, 감정 조절 및 세부 사항 기억에 어려움을 초래한다.^{[10][158][169]}

ADHD 환자는 세부 사항에 주의를 기울이지 못하고, 부주의한 실수를 자주 한다. 과제나 활동에 집중하는 데 어려움을 겪고, 다른 사람의 말을 경청하지 않는 것처럼 보일 수 있다. 또한, 지시를 따르지 못하고 과제를 완수하지 못하는 경우가 많으며, 체계적으로 일을 처리하는 데 어려움을 겪는다. 지속적인 정신적 노력이 필요한 과제를 피하거나 싫어하고, 물건을 자주 잃어버리며, 외부 자극에 쉽게 산만해지고, 일상적인 활동을 자주 잊어버리는 경향을 보인다.

ADHD 환자는 장기 기억에는 문제가 없는 것으로 보이며, 장기 기억 회상의 결손은 작업 기억 장애 때문인 것으로 보인다.^[172] 뇌 성숙 속도와 나이가 들면서 증가하는 실행 기능 통제의 요구 사항으로 인해 ADHD 장애는 청소년기 또는 심지어 성인 초기까지 완전히 나타나지 않을 수 있다.^[10] 반대로, ADHD에서 발산하는 종단적 경향을 보이는 뇌 성숙 궤적은 성인기에 이른 후 실행 기능의 개선을 뒷받침할 수 있다.^[166]

ADHD는 또한 아동의 동기 부여 결핍과 관련이 있다. ADHD 아동은 장기적인 보상보다 단기적인 보상에 집중하기 어려워하고 단기적인 보상을 위한 충동적인 행동을 보인다.^[173]

3. 1. 주의력 결핍

3. 2. 과잉 행동

3. 3. 충동성

3. 4. 하위 유형

• 주의력 결핍형 (Predominantly Inattentive, ADHD-PI 혹은 ADHD-I): 주의력 결핍이 주된 증상으로 나타나는 유형이다. DSM-5 진단 기준에 따르면, 아동은 6개 이상, 성인은 5개 이상의 주의력 결핍 증상을 보여야 한다.^[438] 상세한 것을 놓치거나 부주의한 실수를 자주 하고, 과제에 집중하거나 활동을 지속하는 데 어려움을 겪는다.^[438] 또한, 지시 사항을 끝내지 못하거나 과제를 완수하지 못하는 경우가 잦고, 과제나 활동을 조직하는 것을 어려워한다.^[438] 지속적인 주의를 요하는 과제를 피하고, 물건을 자주 잃어버리며, 외부 자극에 쉽게 산만해지고, 일상 활동을 잊어버리는 경향이 있다.^[438]
• 과잉행동-충동형 (Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive, ADHD-PH 혹은 ADHD-HI): 과잉행동과 충동성이 주된 증상으로 나타나는 유형이다. DSM-5 진단 기준에 따르면, 아동은 6개 이상, 성인은 5개 이상의 과잉행동-충동성 증상을 보여야 한다.^[438] 자리에 앉아 있을 때 꼼지락거리거나, 자리에 앉아 있기 어려워하고, 부적절한 상황에서 뛰어다니거나 돌아다니는 경향이 있다.^[438] 조용히 여가 활동에 참여하기 어렵고, 끊임없이 움직이려 하거나 움직임이 없을 때 불편함을 느끼며, 말이 너무 많다.^[438] 질문이 끝나기 전에 성급하게 대답하거나, 차례를 기다리기 어려워하고, 다른 사람의 대화나 활동을 방해하는 경향이 있다.^[438]
• 혼합형 (Combined Type, ADHD-C): 주의력 결핍과 과잉행동-충동성 증상이 모두 나타나는 유형이다.^[438]

3. 5. 동반 증상

4. 진단 기준

DSM-5 진단 기준은 미국정신의학협회(American Psychiatric Association, APA)의 정신질환 진단 및 통계 편람(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM) DSM-5(2013년)와 DSM-5-TR(2022)에 따른 것이다.^{[438][187] [3][4]} ADHD는 세 가지 유형으로 구분된다.^[438]

• ADHD 부주의형(ADHD, predominantly inattentive type): 쉽게 주의가 산만해지고, 잘 잊거나, 백일몽에 빠지며, 무질서하고, 집중력이 부족하며, 과제 완수에 어려움을 겪는 증상을 보인다.^[438]
• ADHD 과잉행동-충동형(ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type): 과도하게 몸을 뒤틀거나 차분하지 못하고, 과잉행동을 보이며, 기다리거나 앉아있지 못하는 증상을 보인다.^[438]
• ADHD 혼합형(ADHD, combined type): 위의 두 가지 유형의 증상이 모두 나타난다.^[438]

4. 1. DSM-5 진단 기준

• ADHD 부주의형(ADHD, predominantly inattentive type): 쉽게 주의가 산만해지고, 잘 잊거나, 백일몽에 빠지며, 무체계적이거나, 집중력이 빈약하고, 과제 완수에 어려움을 겪는 증상을 보인다.^[438]
• ADHD 과잉행동-충동형(ADHD, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type): 과도하게 몸을 뒤틀거나 차분하지 못하고, 과잉행동을 보이며, 기다리거나 앉아있지 못하는 증상을 보인다.^[438]
• ADHD 혼합형(ADHD, combined type): 위의 두 증상이 혼합되어 나타난다.^[438]

4. 2. 감별 진단

DSM-5는 특정 학습 장애, 지적 장애, 자폐 스펙트럼 장애, 반응성 애착 장애, 불안 장애, 우울증, 조울증, 파괴적 기분 조절 장애, 물질 사용 장애, 성격 장애, 정신병 장애, 약물 유발 증상 및 신경인지 장애 외에도 반항적 도전 장애, 간헐적 폭발 장애, 기타 장애(예: 정형 운동 장애, 뚜렛 증후군)를 제시한다.^[3] DSM-5-TR은 외상 후 스트레스 장애도 제시한다.^[4]

증상 표현으로 인한 저기분과 자존감 저하 외에도 억제력 저하 및 과민성과 특히 관련된 ADHD 증상은 불쾌감, 조울증뿐만 아니라 경계선 성격 장애와도 혼동될 수 있지만, 일반 인구에 비해 유의하게 높은 비율로 동반 질환으로 나타난다.^[53] 표면적으로 불안 장애, 지적 장애 또는 중독 및 금단 증상과 같은 약물 남용의 영향으로 인한 일부 증상은 ADHD와 어느 정도 중복될 수 있다. 이러한 장애는 ADHD와 함께 발생할 수도 있다.

일차적 수면 장애는 주의력과 행동에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, ADHD 증상은 수면에 영향을 미칠 수 있다.^[200] 따라서 ADHD 아동은 수면 문제에 대해 정기적으로 평가하는 것이 좋다.^[201] 아동의 졸음은 하품과 눈 비비기와 같은 고전적인 증상부터 억제력 저하와 주의력 저하까지 다양한 증상을 유발할 수 있다. 수면 무호흡증은 ADHD와 유사한 증상을 유발할 수도 있다.^[202]

일반적으로 DSM-5-TR은 증상이 발생하는 맥락에 따라 ADHD와 유사한 증상과 관련된 많은 질환을 구별하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다.^[4] 예를 들어, 학습 장애가 있는 아동은 손상된 기술(예: 읽기, 수학)을 요구하는 과제를 수행하도록 요청받을 때 산만하고 불안해할 수 있지만, 다른 상황에서는 그렇지 않을 수 있다. 지적 장애가 있는 사람은 자신의 필요에 맞지 않는 학교 환경에 놓일 때 ADHD와 겹치는 증상을 나타낼 수 있다. ADHD에서 나타나는 주의력 부족의 유형, 즉 지속성과 지속적인 주의력이 부족한 것은 인지적 해리 증후군(CDS)에서 보이는 선택적 또는 지향적 주의력 부족과 상당히 다르며, 불안 장애 또는 PTSD에서 보이는 되풀이 생각, 재경험 또는 마음의 공백과도 다릅니다.

기분 장애에서 ADHD와 유사한 증상은 간헐적인 조증 또는 우울증 상태로 제한될 수 있다. 정신병 장애에서 ADHD와 겹치는 증상은 정신병 상태로 제한될 수 있다. 물질 사용 장애, 일부 약물 및 특정 질병은 증상이 나중에 나타나게 할 수 있지만, 신경 발달 장애인 ADHD는 어린 시절부터 존재해야 한다.

또한 증상의 본질에 대한 주의 깊은 이해는 ADHD와 다른 장애의 차이를 확립하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다.^[4] 예를 들어, ADHD에서 전형적인 건망증과 충동성(예: 숙제를 완료하거나 지시를 따르는 것)은 적대감이나 반항이 없을 때 반항적 도전 장애와 구별될 수 있지만, ADHD와 ODD는 높은 동반 질환율을 보인다. 공격성이 없는 경우 짜증은 간헐적 폭발 장애의 폭발과 다를 수 있다. ADHD에서 관찰되는 안절부절못함은 뚜렛 증후군 또는 자폐 스펙트럼 장애에서 흔한 틱 또는 정형 운동과 구별될 수 있다.

또한 주의력 부족(예: 상호 작용 중 집중력이 부족하여 단서를 놓치거나 자신의 행동을 알아차리지 못함)^[203] 또는 충동성(말을 막 뱉어내거나, 끼어들기 질문을 하거나, 말을 가로채는 것)으로 인해 ADHD 환자가 종종 경험하는 사회적 어려움은 자폐 스펙트럼 장애와 관련된 사회적 분리와 사회적 단서를 이해하는 데 대한 결핍과 대조될 수 있다. ADHD 환자는 성격 장애에서 볼 수 있는 사회적 장애 또는 정서적 및 인지적 조절 장애의 징후를 보일 수 있지만, 버려질까 봐 두려워하는 것, 불안정한 자아 인식, 자기애적 경향, 공격성 또는 다른 성격 특징과 같은 특징을 반드시 보이는 것은 아니다.^[4]

이러한 다양한 질환이 ADHD와 동반 질환으로 나타나는 것은 가능하고 흔한 일이지만, DSM-5의 진단 기준 E에 따라 증상이 이러한 질환으로 더 잘 설명되어서는 안 된다.^[3][4] 증상은 어린 시절에 나타나고 여러 환경에서 나타나며 상당한 장애를 초래해야 한다. 또한 이러한 질환 중 일부가 실제로 ADHD와 동반 질환인 경우에도 각 질환을 구별하는 것이 중요하다. 각 질환은 별도로 치료해야 할 수 있기 때문이다.^[204]

5. 발생 비율

미국 소아과학회(American Academy of Pediatrics)의 통계에 따르면 평균 3~8%의 비율로 주의력결핍 과다행동장애가 나타나며, 1994년 대한민국 서울 및 대전 지역에서의 역학조사에서도 7.6%의 발생 비율을 보였다.^[479] 2007년 4월 서울특별시 교육청 산하 학교보건진흥원이 펴낸 ‘학교보건연보'에 따르면, 학생들의 전체 정신장애 진단 중 주의력결핍 과다행동장애 진단 비율은 13.25%(2,672건 중 354건)였다. 남학생의 경우 18.61%로 가장 높은 비율을 보였으며, 고등학생의 정신장애 중에서도 가장 많은 비중(9.52%)을 차지하였다.^[480][481]

6. 치료

ADHD는 상담치료나 약물치료가 이뤄지거나 두 개가 병행된다. 치료는 장기간 효과를 보이나 완치하는 데 어렵다.^[486] 약물치료나 심리적 치료, 규칙적인 보조가 지속적으로 이루어진다면 사회적으로 적응하는 데는 무리가 없으나, 충동성이나 감정의 동요가 심한 경우, 정신 장애를 동반한 경우, 인식능력 저하, 약물남용, 감정 조절 능력 저하, 재발된 경우에는 더 어렵다. 이 질환의 치료는 반드시 가족과 학교와의 협력체계가 매우 중요하며 학습태도, 가족과 교우관계, 생활태도나 감정 등을 관찰하고 행동적으로 보조가 반드시 필요하다. 치료는 약물치료와 정신사회학적 치료, 보조치료, 대체요법 등으로 이루어진다. 약물치료에 이용되는 약물로는 1차 선택 약물인 중추신경 자극제, 삼환계 항우울제, α-2 아드레날린성 수용체 작용제, 비습관성 CNS(중추 신경계) 용제인 아토목세틴등이 있다.^[451][487] 장기 보상에 집중하는데 문제가 있는 사람들에게는, 상당량의 긍정적 강화가 과제 수행을 향상시킨다.^[488] ADHD 각성제는 아동 ADHD 환자의 끈기와 과제 수행 능력을 향상시킨다.^[489][488]

주의력결핍 과잉행동장애(ADHD) 관리는 일반적으로 상담 또는 약물 치료를 단독 또는 병행하여 진행한다. ADHD 증상을 개선하기 위한 다양한 치료법이 있지만, 약물 치료는 장기적인 결과를 크게 향상시키며, 비만과 같은 일부 위험 요소를 감소시키기도 하지만, 부작용의 위험도 수반한다.^[5] 사용되는 약물에는 각성제, 아토목세틴, 알파-2 아드레날린성 수용체 작용제, 그리고 때때로 항우울제가 포함된다.^[73][206] 장기적인 보상에 집중하는 데 어려움을 겪는 사람들에게는 많은 양의 긍정적 강화가 과제 수행을 향상시킨다.^[173] 약물 치료가 가장 효과적인 치료법이며,^[5][207] 부작용은 일반적으로 경미하고 해결하기 쉽다.^[5] 하지만 약물 복용을 중단하면 모든 개선 효과가 사라진다.^[208] ADHD 각성제는 ADHD 어린이의 지속성과 과제 수행 능력도 향상시킨다.^[158][173] 한 체계적 검토를 인용하자면, "관찰 연구와 등록 연구의 최근 증거는 ADHD의 약물 치료가 학교 성적 향상과 결석 감소, 외상 관련 응급실 방문 위험 감소, 자살 및 자살 시도 위험 감소, 약물 남용 및 범죄율 감소와 관련이 있음을 보여준다".^[209] 또한 자료는 약물 치료와 인지 행동 치료(CBT)를 병행하면 긍정적인 효과를 얻을 수 있음을 시사한다. CBT는 효과가 상당히 낮지만, 약물 치료가 최적화된 후에도 남아 있는 문제를 해결하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다.^[5]

ADHD 치료의 바람직한 결과 지점의 성격과 범위는 ADHD 진단 기준에 따라 다르다.^[210] 대부분의 연구에서 치료 효과는 증상 감소로 결정된다.^[211] 그러나 일부 연구에서는 교사와 부모의 주관적인 평가를 치료 효과 평가에 포함시켰다.^[234]

6. 1. 약물 치료

6. 2. 비약물 치료

6. 3. 기타 치료

7. 대중 매체

wikitext

SBS 스페셜에서는 2006년 2월 5일 '위기의 아이들, ADHD'편이 방영되었다.

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_[395] 기타 장해 시 부주의 발생
_[396] 기타 장해 시 산만해짐
_[397] 기타 장해 시 행동
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_[424] 백과사전 Food Additives – General Elsevier/Academic Press 2014-01-01
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_[452] 저널 Bipolar disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: differential diagnosis or comorbidity 2011-06-01
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_[454] 저널 A framework for the assessment and treatment of sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 2011-06-01
_[455] 저널 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sleep disorders in children 2010-05-01
_[456] 저널 ADD/ADHD and Impaired Executive Function in Clinical Practice 2008-10-01
_[457] 저널 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and restless legs syndrome in children 2011-03-01
_[458] 저널 Advances in pediatric restless legs syndrome: Iron, genetics, diagnosis and treatment 2010-08-01
_[459] 저널 Restless-legs syndrome
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_[465] Systematic Review Adult ADHD and Comorbid Somatic Disease: A Systematic Literature Review 2018-02-01
_[466] Review Association of ADHD and Celiac Disease: What Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of the Literature 2016-01-01
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_[468] 저널 Long-Term Suicide Risk of Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder—A Systematic Review 2020-12-21
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_[470] 저널 ADHD, financial distress, and suicide in adulthood: A population study 2020-09-01
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_[472] 저널 Rethinking Intelligence Quotient Exclusion Criteria Practices in the Study of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 2016
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_[483] 서적 Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry https://books.google[...] Oxford University Press
_[484] 저널 Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 2009-04-01
_[485] 저널 The importance of relative standards in ADHD diagnoses: evidence based on exact birth dates 2010-09-01
_[486] 저널 A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment 2012-09-01
_[487] 저널 Cognitive enhancers for the treatment of ADHD 2011-08-01
_[488] 저널 Are motivation deficits underestimated in patients with ADHD? A review of the literature 2013-07-01
_[489] 서적 Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience McGraw-Hill Medical
_[490] 저널 A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder https://archive.org/[...] 2009-03-01
_[491] 저널 Review of pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder for the general psychiatrist 2009-03-01
_[492] 저널 Cognitive-behavioural Interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults 2018-03-23
_[493] 저널 Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 2014-01-01
_[494] 저널 Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis 2009-07-01
_[495] 저널 Neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Neuropsychological Outcomes From Randomized Controlled Trials https://biblio.ugent[...] 2016-06-01
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_[500] 저널 Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review 2017-02-01
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_[502] 저널 Protection from genetic diathesis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: possible complementary roles of exercise 2013-09-01
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_[507] Review Restriction and elimination diets in ADHD treatment 2014-10-01
_[508] Systematic Review Diet and ADHD, Reviewing the Evidence: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses of Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials Evaluating the Efficacy of Diet Interventions on the Behavior of Children with ADHD 2017-01-01
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_[511] 저널 Nutritional supplements for the treatment of ADHD 2014-10-01
_[512] 저널 SPECT and PET of the dopamine transporter in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 2008-04-01