시온주의

3. 역사적 배경

wikitext

유대인은 철기 시대 레반트 남부에 출현한 고대 이스라엘의 역사적 두 왕국인 유다 왕국과 이스라엘 왕국의 이스라엘인^{[325][326][327]}과 히브리인^[328][329]에 그 기원을 두고 있다. 유대인이라는 이름은 예루살렘을 수도로 하는 유다 지역을 중심으로 한 두 왕국 중 남쪽에 위치한 유다 왕국^[330]에서 유래되었다.^{[331][332][333]} 유다 왕국은 기원전 586년 신바빌로니아 제국의 네부카드네자르 2세에 의해 정복되었다.^[334] 바빌로니아인들은 예루살렘과 고대 유대교 숭배의 중심지였던 제1성전을 파괴했다. 이후 유대인들은 바빌론 유수를 당했고, 이것이 최초의 유대인 디아스포라로 여겨진다.^{[335][336][337]}

3. 1. 알리야

3. 2. 시초

4. 분파

20세기 초부터 1936년 아랍 봉기까지 시온주의 운동 내부에는 정치적 유연성을 위한 여지가 있었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 운동이 작용하는 이데올로기적 틀은 운동 내 그룹들이 취하는 정치적 행보를 제약했다. 이 틀의 핵심 원칙은 팔레스타인인들의 묵인을 얻기 위한 강대국의 지지를 추구하는 것이었다.^[431]

다국적이고 세계적인 시오니스트 운동은 대의 민주주의 원칙에 기반하여 구성되어 있다. 시오니스트 회의는 4년마다(제2차 세계 대전 이전에는 2년마다) 개최되며, 회의 대표는 회원에 의해 선출된다. 회원은 ‘셰켈’이라고 알려진 회비를 납부해야 한다. 시오니스트 회의에서는 대표자 30명으로 구성된 집행 위원회를 선출하고, 집행 위원회가 운동의 지도자를 선출한다. 이 운동은 초기부터 민주적이었으며, 여성에게도 투표권이 있었다.^[432]

1917년까지, 세계 시오니스트 기구/World Zionist Organization^영어는 지속적인 소규모 이민과 유대 민족 기금(1901년 – 유대인 이주민을 위해 토지를 구입한 자선 단체) 및 앵글로-팔레스타인 은행/Bank Leumi^영어과 같은 단체 설립을 통해 유대인의 민족적 조국/Homeland for the Jewish people^영어 건설 전략을 추구했다. 1942년 빌트모어 회의빌트모어 회의/Biltmore Conference^영어에서 처음으로 시오니즘 운동에는 이스라엘 땅에 유대인 국가를 건설한다는 명확한 목표가 추가되었다.^[433]

1968년 예루살렘에서 열린 제28차 시오니스트 회의는 오늘날 시오니즘의 목표로 다음과 같은 "예루살렘 강령" 5개 항을 채택했다.^[434]

• 유대인의 단결, 그리고 유대인 생활에서 이스라엘의 중심성
• 모든 국가로부터의 알리아를 통한 역사적 조국 에레츠 이스라엘로의 유대인 집결
• 정의와 평화의 예언적인 비전에 기반한 이스라엘 국가의 강화
• 유대교 및 히브리어 교육, 그리고 유대인의 정신적 및 문화적 가치관 함양을 통한 유대인 정체성의 유지
• 모든 곳에서 유대인의 권리 보호

=== 노동 시온주의 ===

노동 시온주의는 동유럽에서 시작되었다. 사회주의적 시온주의자들은 수세기 동안 반유대주의적 사회에서 받은 억압으로 인해 유태인들이 온순하고 취약하며 절망적인 존재가 되어 더욱 더 반유태주의를 유발한다고 생각했다. 이러한 견해는 원래 테오도르 헤르츨로부터 비롯되었다.^[436][437] 사회주의 시온주의자들은 유대인의 영혼과 사회의 혁명이 필수적이며 가능한데, 이는 부분적으로 유대인들이 이스라엘로 이주하여 자신만의 나라에서 농부, 노동자, 군인이 됨으로써 가능해진다고 주장했다. ^[111]

20세기 초 팔레스타인에 이념적으로 더욱 투철한 정착민들이 들어오면서, 시오니스트 운동은 유대 사회의 생산성 향상과 소위 "노동의 정복"의 중요성을 강조하기 시작했다. 이는 독점적으로 유대인 노동력을 사용하는 것이 팔레스타인에 독립적인 유대 사회를 발전시키기 위한 전제조건이라는 믿음이었다. 시오니스트 운동은 "100% 유대인 노동"과 독점적으로 유대인 경제를 주장하는 기반 위에 팔레스타인에 "순수 유대인 정착촌"을 건설하려고 했다. 시오니스트 지도부는 새로운 유형의 유대 사회를 만들기 위해 완전히 자율적이고 독립적인 유대 경제 부문을 설립하는 것을 목표로 했다.

대부분의 사회주의 시온주의자들은 전통적인 유태교의 준수가 "디아스포라적 심성"을 영속화시키는 것이라며 거부했고, 이스라엘에 "키부츠"라고 불리는 지역 공동체를 설립했다.^[438] 키부츠는 유대인 국민기금이 훈련된 감독 하에 유대인 노동자들을 고용했던 협동 농업적 형태의 "국가 농장"의 변형으로 시작되었다. 키부츠는 공동체주의와 평등주의를 크게 강조하고 유토피아 사회주의를 어느 정도 재현했다는 점에서 제2 알리야를 상징하게 되었다. 게다가 그들은 노동 시온주의의 핵심적인 측면인 자급자족을 강조했다.^[439][440]

4. 1. 노동 시온주의

4. 2. 자유 시온주의

4. 3. 수정 시온주의, 민족주의적 시온주의

4. 4. 신(Neo) 시온주의, 포스트 시온주의

5. 국제 관계

5. 1. 비유대인의 시온주의 지지

5. 2. 시온주의에 대한 반대

5. 3. 시온주의와 식민주의/인종차별 논쟁

6. 현대 이스라엘에서의 시온주의

19세기 후반 시온주의 정착민들의 팔레스타인 유입은 이스라엘-팔레스타인 분쟁의 시작으로 널리 여겨진다.^{[105][306][532][533]} 시온주의자들은 가능한 한 많은 땅, 많은 유대인, 그리고 적은 팔레스타인 아랍인들과 함께 팔레스타인에 유대인 국가를 건설하고자 했다.^[106] 1938년 베냐민 장관의 "정치적으로 우리는 공격자이고 그들(팔레스타인인들)은 자신을 방어한다"라는 발언^[534]에 대해 이스라엘 역사가 베니 모리스는 "베냐민 장관은 물론 옳았다. 시온주의는 식민지화하고 팽창적인 이념이자 운동이었고", "시온주의 이념과 실제는 필연적이고 본질적으로 팽창적이었다"고 말한다.^[535] 모리스는 팔레스타인에 유대인 국가를 건설하려는 시온주의의 목표가 아랍 인구의 난민 발생과 몰수를 필연적으로 수반한다고 설명한다.^{[109][535][537]}

유대인이 아닌 아랍인 다수 지역에 유대인 국가를 건설하는 실질적인 문제는 시온주의 운동의 근본적인 문제였다.^[535] 시온주의자들은 아랍 팔레스타인 인구의 제거 또는 민족 청소를 완곡하게 표현하기 위해 "이전"이라는 용어를 사용했다.^[107] 베니 모리스에 따르면, "아랍인들을… 다른 곳으로 이전시키는 생각은 제안된 유대인 국가의 '유대인 성격'의 안정성을 보장하는 주요 수단으로 여겨졌다".^[107][535]

모리스에 따르면, 팔레스타인 땅에서 민족을 청소한다는 생각은 운동 시작부터 시온주의 이념에서 중요한 역할을 했다.^[109][537]

타테야마 료지의 논문에 따르면, 2018년 이스라엘 정부 조사에서 이스라엘 국내 유대인 전체 중 "자신을 시오니스트라고 생각한다"고 답한 비율은 73%이며, 24%는 시오니스트가 아니라고 답했다.^[289] 이스라엘의 현대 정통파의 24%, 전통파의 14%, 세속파의 24%, 초정통파의 63%가 "자신은 시오니스트가 아니다"라고 답했다.^[289]

가장 계율을 엄격하게 지키는 유대교 초정통파의 대다수는 이스라엘 건국의 방식과 시오니즘을 지지하지 않고, "이스라엘을 팔레스타인에 반환해야 한다"며 반시오니즘 활동을 하고 있다.^[290][291]

하시디즘 신자인 몬트리올 대학교 교수 야코브 M. 라브킨은 시오니즘은 유대교와 유대인 역사의 연속성에서 크게 결별한 존재이며 토라의 교의에서 벗어났다고 지적하고 있다.^[261][293]

근래 이스라엘에서는 포스트 시오니즘에 대항하여 탄생한 네오 시오니즘이 정치적 영향력을 가지는 것으로 여겨진다.^[298][299]

참조

_[1] 논문 and as subsequent work (Finkelstein 1995; Massad 2005; Pappe 2006; Said 1992; Shafir 1989) has definitively established, the architects of Zionism were conscious and often unapologetic about their status as colonizers; Dr. Arthur Ruppin was sent to Palestine for the first time in 1907 by the heads of the German [World] Zionist Organization in order to make a pilot study of the possibilities for colonization. . . Oppenheimer was a German sociologist and political economist. As a worldwide expert on colonization he became Herzl's advisor and formulated the first program for Zionist colonization, which he presented at the 6th Zionist Congress (Basel 1903) ..... Boyarin wrote that the group of Zionists who imagined themselves colonialists inclined to that persona "because such a representation was pivotal to the entire project of becoming 'white men'." Colonization was seen as a sign of belonging to western and modern culture; Never before, wrote Berl Katznelson, founding editor of the Histadrut daily, Davar, "has the white man undertaken colonization with that sense of justice and social progress which fills the Jew who comes to Palestine."; Herzl further sharpened the issue when he tried to make diplomacy precede settlement, precluding any possibility of preemptive and unplanned settlement in the Land of Israel: "Should the powers show themselves willing to grant us sovereignty over a neutral land, then the Society will enter into negotiations for the possession of this land. Here two regions come to mind: Palestine and Argentina. Significant experiments in colonization have been made in both countries, though on the mistaken principle of gradual infiltration of Jews. Infiltration is bound to end badly."; Colonisation can have only one aim, and Palestine Arabs cannot accept this aim. It lies in the very nature of things, and in this particular regard nature cannot be changed.. .Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population Wiley
_[2] 논문 The preoccupation of rabbinic literature in all its forms with the Land of Israel is without question intensive and constant. It is no wonder that this literature offers historians of the Land of Israel a wealth of information for the clarification of a wide variety of topics.; Unlike the earlier literature that dealt with Palestine's delimitation, the boundaries were not presented according to their historical traditional meaning, but according to the boundaries of the Jewish Eretz Israel that was about to be established there. This approach characterizes all the Zionist publications at the time ... when they came to indicate borders, they preferred the realistic condition and strategic economic needs over an unrealistic dream based on the historic past.' This meant that planners envisaged a future Palestine that controlled all the Jordan's sources, the southern part of the Litanni river in Lebanon, the large cultivatable area east of the Jordan, including the Houran and Gil'ad wheat zone, Mt Hermon, the Yarmuk and Yabok rivers, the Hijaz Railway...; Der Judenstaat https://books.google[...] Courier Dover 2010-09-28
_[3] 논문 The ethos of Zionism was twofold; it was about demography—ingathering the exiles in a viable Jewish state with as small an Arab minority as possible—and land.
_[4] 논문 The crisis in the Enlightenment movement in the late nineteenth century gave way to the rise of alternative ideologies, such as Jewish nationalism and socialism. Early Zionist thinkers, such as Peretz Smolenskin (1842–1885), sharply criticized the Enlightenment scholars and their universalist approach.; [Zionism] arose in response to and in imitation of the current national movements of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe; The parents of Zionism were not Judaism and tradition, but anti-Semitism and nationalism. The ideals of the French Revolution spread slowly across Europe, finally reaching the Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire and helping to set off the Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment. This engendered a permanent split in the Jewish world, between those who held to a halachic or religious-centric vision of their identity and those who adopted in part the racial rhetoric of the time and made the Jewish people into a nation. This was helped along by the wave of pogroms in Eastern Europe that set two million Jews to flight; most wound up in America, but some chose Palestine. A driving force behind this was the Hovevei Zion movement, which worked from 1882 to develop a Hebrew identity that was distinct from Judaism as a religion.; The fact that Palestinian nationalism developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those nationalisms. Furthermore, Zionism itself was also defined by its opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region. Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that became central to the dominant strain of Zionism in the Yishuv originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the Palestinian "other"
_[5] 논문 Zionism Colonize palestine.; The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War https://archive.org/[...] Cambridge University Press 2016-02-19
_[6] 논문 The difference between religious and secular Zionism, be- tween the Zionism of the Left and the Zionism of the Right, was merely a difference of form and not an essential difference.; Prophets Without Honor; As a member of the Zionist Executive in 1921-3, he [Jabotinsky] soon discovered that what divided him from his colleagues in the Zionist leadership was not political differences, but mainly his style of political action; In essence, then, the two programs are not very different. Their difference lies primarily in style. Labor is, basically, the party of the educated Europe-oriented elite—managers, bureaucrats, intellectuals, etc. Its historical practice has been to "build facts" while maintaining a low-keyed rhetoric with conciliatory tones, at least in public. In private, the position has been that "it does not matter what the Gentiles say, what matters is what the Jews do" (Ben-Gurion) and that "the borders [of Israel] are where Jews live, not where there is a line on a map" (Golda Meir).21 This has been an effective method for obtaining the ends sought without alienating Western opinion—indeed, while mobilizing Western (particularly American) support. Oxford University Press
_[7] 학술지 De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine 2007-00-00
_[8] 학술지 Settlement in Eretz Israel – A Colonialist Enterprise? "Critical" Scholarship and Historical Geography https://docs.google.[...] Indiana University Press 1996-00-00
_[9] 학술지 Zionism and British imperialism II: Imperial financing in Palestine 2011-00-00
_[10] 뉴스 Through the Looking Glass: The Myth of Israeli Exceptionalism http://www.huffingto[...] 2010-06-03
_[11] 논문 Edward Said: The Legacy of a Public Intellectual; Militarization and Violence Against Women in Conflict Zones in the Middle East: A Palestinian Case-Study; Shared Histories: A Palestinian-Israeli Dialogue https://books.google[...] Academic Monographs, Cambridge University Press, Left Coast Press 2013-05-12
_[12] 서적 Israel:The Alternative https://www.nybooks.[...] New York Review of Books 2003-10-23
_[13] 논문 But once there, the settlers could not avoid noticing the majority native population. It was from them, as two of the first settlers put it, that 'we shall... take away the country... through stratagems, without drawing upon us their hostility before we become the strong and populous ones.'; It does not matter at all which phraseology we employ in explaining our colonising aims, Herzl's or Sir Herbert Samuel's. Colonisation carries its own explanation, the only possible explanation, unalterable and as clear as daylight to every ordinary Jew and every ordinary Arab... Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population.
_[14] 논문 The 'defensive ethos' was never the operative ideology of mainstream Zionism. From beginning to end, Zionism was a conquest movement. The subtitle of Shapira's study is 'The Zionist Resort to Force'. Yet, Zionism did not 'resort' to force. Force was—to use Shapira's apt phrase in her conclusion—'inherent in the situation' (p. 357). Gripped by messianism after the issuance of the Balfour Declaration, the Zionist movement sought to conquer Palestine with a Jewish Legion under the slogan 'In blood and fire shall Judea rise again' (pp. 83–98). When these apocalyptic hopes were dispelled and displaced by the mundane reality of the British Mandate, mainstream Zionism made a virtue of necessity and exalted labor as it proceeded to conquer Palestine 'dunum by dunum, goat by goat'. Force had not been abandoned, however. Shapira falsely counterposes settlement ('by virtue of labor') to force ('by dint of conquest'). Yet, settlement was force by other means. Its purpose, in Shapira's words, was to build a 'Jewish infrastructure in Palestine' so that 'the balance of power between Jews and Arabs had shifted in favor of the former' (pp. 121, 133; cf. p. 211). To the call of a Zionist leader on the morrow of Tel Hai that 'we must be a force in the land', Shapira adds the caveat: 'He was not referring to military might but, rather, to power in the sense of demography and colonization' (p. 113). Yet, Shapira willfully misses the basic point that 'demography and colonization' were equally force. Moreover, without the 'foreign bayonets' of the British Mandate, the Zionist movement could not have established even a toehold, let alone struck deep roots, in Palestine. Toward the end of the 1930s and especially after World War II, a concatenation of events—Britain's waning commitment to the Balfour Declaration, the escalation of Arab resistance, the strengthening of the Yishuv, etc.—caused a consensus to crystallize within the Zionist movement that the time was ripe to return to the original strategy of conquering Palestine 'by blood and fire'.
_[15] 서적 This is Jerusalem Canaan Publishing
_[16] 서적 Paths of the Messiah Ignatius Pres
_[17] 서적 An Introduction to Judaism – A Textbook Reader Westminister Press
_[18] 서적 The Jewish Problem in International Society https://www.cambridg[...] Cambridge University Press 2021-04-15
_[19] 서적 Nathan Birnbaum: Biographie https://books.google[...] Eberhard-Karls-Universität zu Tübingen 2023-07-07
_[20] 간행물 Selbst-Emancipation: Zeitschrift für die nationalen, socialen und politischen Interessen des jüdischen Stammes; Organ der Zionisten: (1.4.1890). 1890 Heft 1 (1.4.1890). Wien http://sammlungen.ub[...] 1890-08-13
_[21] 논문 This set of assumptions was intended to stress the equal status of the Jews vis-à-vis the rest of the world, and to provide the basis for their superior right to Palestine.
_[22] 논문 According to the standard Zionist and then the Israeli narrative, for a number of reasons the land of Palestine rightfully belongs to the Jewish people—and no others, including today’s Palestinians.
_[23] 논문 [T]he Zionist claim to Palestine, which since even before the establishment of the state of Israel had depended in some measure on arguing that there was no legitimacy to the competing Arab claim
_[24] 논문 Zionism was a messianic movement to restore Palestine to its divinely appointed Jewish owners... Conversely, the Palestinian, whether his ancestors were the ancient Canaanites or Hebrews, would forfeit all rights to his lands; he had become a usurper.
_[25] 논문 Like all Zionists, Gordon did not recognize the principle of majority rule, and he refused to acknowledge the right of the majority to 'take from us what we have acquired through our work and creativity.' Moreover, he had confidence in the spiritual vitality of the Yishuv, its energy and motivation, and believed it was supported by the entire Jewish people. In 1921, he spoke in much stronger terms than he had between 1909 and 1918: 'For Eretz Israel, we have a charter that has been valid until now and that will always be valid, and that is the Bible, and not only the Bible.'... And now came the decisive argument: 'And what did the Arabs produce in all the years they lived in the country? Such creations, or even the creation of the Bible alone, give us a perpetual right over the land in which we were so creative, especially since the people that came after us did not create such works in this country, or did not create anything at all.' The founders accepted this point of view. This was the ultimate Zionist argument.
_[26] 논문 Zionism had always looked to the day when a Jewish majority would enable the movement to gain control over the country: The Zionist leadership had never posited Jewish statehood with a minority of Jews ruling over a majority of Arabs, apartheid style.
_[27] 논문 Zionism is both a struggle for land and a demographic race; in essence, the aspiration for a territory with a Jewish majority...Zionist democratic diversity did not mean that there was no commonground between the major segments of the movement. Initially, Ben-Gurion preferred an 'iron wall of workers', namely settlements and Jewish infrastructure, on Jabotinsky's call for an iron wall of military might and deterrence... he even lashed out against what he defined as Jabotinsky's 'perverted national fanaticism', and against the Revisionists 'worthless prattle of sham heroes, whose lips becloud the moral purity of our national movement. . .' Eventually, however, under the growing chal-lenge of Arab nationalism and especially with the growth in the Yishuv of a collective mood of sacred Jewish nationalism following the Holocaust, the Labour Zionists, chief among them David Ben-Gurion, accepted forall practical purposes Jabotinsky's iron-wall strategy. The Jewish State could only emerge, and force the Arabs to accept it, if it erected around it an impregnable wall of Jewish might and deterrence.
_[28] 논문 Within the Zionist ideological consensus there coexisted three relatively distinct tendencies—political Zionism, labor Zionism and cultural Zionism. Each was wedded to the demand for a Jewish majority, but not for entirely the same reasons.
_[29] 논문 Thus, the desire for a Jewish majority was the key issue in the implementation of Zionism, implying a basic change in the international standing of the Jewish people and marking a turning-point in their history. The significance of this demand, and of the untiring endeavour to realize it in various ways, lay in the annulling of the majority standing of the Arabs of Palestine.
_[30] 논문 In the 1930s and 1940s the Zionist leadership found it expedient to euphemize, using the term “transfer” or “ha‘avara” – the Hebrew euphemism for ethnic cleansing – one of most enduring themes of Zionist settler-colonization (see below). Other themes included demographic transformation of the land and physical separation between the immigrant-settlers and the indigenous inhabitants of Palestine. All these colonizing themes were central to Zionist muscular nationalism, with its rejection of both liberal forms of universalism and Marxism, along with individual rights and class struggle. Instead, Zionism gave precedence to the realization of its ethnocratic völkisch project: the establishment of a biblically ordained state.
_[31] 서적 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited Cambridge University Press 2012-06-00
_[32] 웹사이트 An Introduction to the Israel-Palestine Conflict http://www.normanfin[...] 2002-09-00
_[33] 논문 The transfer idea did not originate with the Peel Commission. It goes back to the fathers of modern Zionism and, while rarely given a public airing before 1937, was one of the main currents in Zionist ideology from the movement’s inception. It was always clear to the Zionists that a Jewish state would be impossible without a Jewish majority; this could theoretically be achieved through massive immigration, but even then the Arabs would still be a large, threatening minority.
_[34] 논문 The archival and documentary evidence shows that in the pre-1948 period, "transfer"/ethnic cleansing was embraced by the highest levels of Zionist leadership, representing almost the entire political spectrum. Nearly all the founding fathers of the Israeli state advocated transfer in one form or another, including Theodor Herzl, Leon Motzkin, Nahman Syrkin, Menahem Ussishkin, Chaim Weizmann, David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Tabenkin, Avraham Granovsky, Israel Zangwill, Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi, Pinhas Rutenberg, Aaron Aaronson, Vladmir Jabotinsky and Berl Katznelson (Masalha, 1992). Supporters of "voluntary" removal included Arthur Ruppin, a co-founder of Brit Shalom, a movement advocating bi-nationalism and equal rights for Arabs and Jews; moderate leaders of Mapai (later the Labour party) such as Moshe Shertok and Eli’ezer Kaplan, Israel’s first finance minister; and leaders of the Histadrut (Hebrew Labour Federation) such as Golda Meyerson (later Meir) and David Remez (Masalha, 1992).
_[35] 논문 Ben-Gurion declared unequivocally that sovereignty of the Jewish state, especially in matters of immigration and transfer of Arabs, were the two conditions sine qua non for his agreement to partition.
_[36] 논문 Explaining Transfer: Zionist Thinking and the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem https://cris.bgu.ac.[...] Oxford University Press 2024-11-29
_[37] harvnb
_[38] harvnb
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_[42] 학술지 The Biblical Bases of Zionist Colonialism University of California Press, Institute for Palestine Studies
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_[210] 뉴스 Brothers in arms – Israel's secret pact with Pretoria https://www.theguard[...] 2018-03-12
_[211] 뉴스 UN envoy hits Israel 'apartheid' http://news.bbc.co.u[...] 2007-02-23
_[212] 웹사이트 UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, Racial Discrimination (Council on Foreign Relations, November 10, 1975) http://www.cfr.org/u[...]
_[213] 웹사이트 260 General Assembly Resolution 46–86 – Revocation of Resolution 3379 – 16 December 1991 and statement by President Herzog http://www.mfa.gov.i[...] Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
_[214] 서적 How We Got Here: The '70s Basic Books 2000
_[215] 뉴스 Anger over Zionism debate http://news.bbc.co.u[...] 2001-09-04
_[216] 뉴스 US abandons racism summit http://news.bbc.co.u[...] 2001-09-03
_[217] 간행물 Haredi Jews around the world:Population trends and estimates https://www.jpr.org.[...] Institute for Jewish Policy Research 2022-05
_[218] 잡지 What is Neturei Karta, the Orthodox group at all the pro-Palestinian protests? https://forward.com/[...] 2023-11-22
_[219] 학술지 Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum, Zionism, and Hungarian Ultra-Orthodoxy 2004
_[220] 뉴스 New survey of Orthodox Jews shows vast differences in attitudes toward Zionism https://forward.com/[...] 2024-02-20
_[221] 학술지 Westernization and Israelization within Israel's Extreme Orthodox Haredi Society 2016
_[222] 웹사이트 We oppose the Zionists and their 'state' http://globalfire.tv[...]
_[223] 웹사이트 The Great Gulf Between Zionism and Judaism https://www.nkusa.or[...]
_[224] 웹사이트 What is Zionism? http://www.jewsagain[...]
_[225] 웹사이트 Zionism promotes antisemitism http://www.jewsagain[...]
_[226] 뉴스 Neturei Karta – the extreme Jewish fringe group beloved of many anti-Zionists https://www.thejc.co[...]
_[227] 웹사이트 Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism http://jcpa.org/phas[...] 2004
_[228] 학술지 Anti-Zionism as Racism: Campus Anti-Semitism and the Civil Rights Act of 1964
_[229] 뉴스 Critics of Israel 'fuelling hatred of British Jews' https://www.theguard[...] 2006-10-17
_[230] 웹사이트 H-Antisemitism http://www.h-net.org[...] H-Net
_[231] 서적 Anti-semitism in Germany: the post-Nazi epoch since 1945 https://books.google[...] Transaction Publishers 1997
_[232] 서적 Native vs. Settler https://books.google[...] Greenwood Press
_[233] 서적 Deconstructing Zionism: A Critique of Political Metaphysics Bloomsbury Academic
_[234] 웹사이트 ZNet – Beyond Chutzpah http://www.zmag.org/[...]
_[235] 학술지
_[236] 학술지 2024-11
_[237] 서적 Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship Cambridge University Press 2002
_[238] 학술지 2024-11
_[239] 학술지
_[240] 학술지 Response to Elia Zureik's Israel's Colonial Project in Palestine: Brutal Pursuit 2016
_[241] 웹사이트 Forum on Patrick Wolfe https://www.versoboo[...]
_[242] 웹사이트 What is at Stake in the Study of Settler Colonialism? https://developingec[...] 2020-10-26
_[243] 웹사이트 Dr. Rachel Busbridge https://www.acu.edu.[...] Australian Catholic University
_[244] 학술지 De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine
_[245] 서적 Studies in Contemporary Jewry: XI: Values, Interests, and Identity: Jews and Politics in a Changing World https://books.google[...] OUP USA/Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
_[246] 서적 A Just Zionism: On the Morality of the Jewish State http://www.oxfordsch[...] Oxford University Press 2019-03-16
_[247] 웹사이트 Zionism and Israel https://pluralism.or[...] 2024-02-19
_[248] 서적 Der Judenstaat https://books.google[...] Courier Dover 2010-09-28
_[249] 웹사이트 Zionism https://web.archive.[...] 2016-06-30
_[250] 웹사이트 Zionism {{!}} nationalistic movement https://www.britanni[...] 2016-06-30
_[251] 서적 The Land in Rabbinic Literature https://brill.com/di[...] Brill 2023-07-06
_[252] 서적 The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947 https://books.google[...] Routledge
_[253] 서적 Der Judenstaat https://books.google[...] Courier Dover 2010-09-28
_[254] 서적 Studies in Contemporary Jewry: XI: Values, Interests, and Identity: Jews and Politics in a Changing World https://books.google[...] OUP USA/Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2019-03-11
_[255] 서적 A Just Zionism: On the Morality of the Jewish State http://www.oxfordsch[...] Oxford University Press 2019-03-16
_[256] 웹사이트 Zionism {{!}} Definition, History, Examples, & Facts {{!}} Britannica https://www.britanni[...] 2023-12-11
_[257] 백과사전 Zionism https://www.oxfordle[...] Oxford 2023-12-11
_[258] 웹사이트 NYC Street Photography: Satmar Hasidic Jews of Williamsburg https://web.archive.[...] 2024-05-31
_[259] 웹사이트 Rabbi Yosef Sheinberger dies at 87 https://www.jpost.co[...] 2024-05-31
_[260] 웹사이트 ZOA Blasts State Dept. Advisers as Anti-Israel https://forward.com/[...] 2024-05-31
_[261] 서적 トーラーの名において　シオニズムに対するユダヤ教の抵抗の歴史
_[262] 웹사이트 Explainer: Kahanism, far-right ideology linked to Netanyahu’s election win - Al-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012 https://www.al-monit[...] 2024-10-08
_[263] 서적 Jews & the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders https://books.google[...] Tuttle Publishing 2017-11-21
_[264] 서적 One Land, Two States: Israel and Palestine as Parallel States https://books.google[...] University of California Press 2016-03-16
_[265] 서적 The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War https://books.google[...] Cambridge University Press 2016-03-16
_[266] 서적 The Cambridge Survey of World Migration https://archive.org/[...] Cambridge University Press
_[267] 서적 The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War https://books.google[...] Cambridge University Press 2016-02-19
_[268] 서적 The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine Oneworld Publications
_[269] 서적 Human Geopolitics: States, Emigrants, and the Rise of Diaspora Institutions https://books.google[...] Oxford University Press 2021-03-02
_[270] 학술지 Accommodating Conflicting Claims to National Self-determination. The Intractable Case of Israel/Palestine https://www.jstor.or[...] 2023-03-10
_[271] 학술지 Postcolonial Theory and the Arab-Israel Conflict – De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine
_[272] 학술지 Settlement in Eretz Israel – A Colonialist Enterprise? "Critical" Scholarship and Historical Geography https://docs.google.[...] Indiana University Press 2013-07-30
_[273] 학술지 Zionism and British imperialism II: Imperial financing in Palestine
_[274] 서적 Psychology Press
_[275] 서적 Macmillan
_[276] 웹사이트 Israeli Exceptionalism: The Destabilizing Logic of Zionism http://www.huffingto[...]
_[277] 서적 The Bible and Zionism: Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine- Israel https://books.google[...] Zed Books 2016-02-19
_[278] 서적 Edward Said: The Legacy of a Public Intellectual https://books.google[...] Academic Monographs 2013-05-12
_[279] 서적 Militarization and Violence Against Women in Conflict Zones in the Middle East: A Palestinian Case-Study https://books.google[...] Cambridge University Press 2013-05-12
_[280] 서적 Shared Histories: A Palestinian-Israeli Dialogue https://books.google[...] Left Coast Press 2005
_[281] 서적 1948 https://books.google[...] Yale University Press 2008-10-01
_[282] 서적 Image and reality of the Israel-Palestine conflict https://books.google[...] Verso Books 2003-01-01
_[283] 서적 Image and reality of the Israel-Palestine conflict https://books.google[...] Verso Books 2003-01-01
_[284] 서적 This is Jerusalem Canaan Publishing 1977-01-01
_[285] 서적 イスラエルとは何か 平凡社新書
_[286] 간행물 The Jewish Problem in International Society https://www.cambridg[...] Cambridge University Press 2021-04-15
_[287] 서적 Nathan Birnbaum: Biographie https://books.google[...] Eberhard-Karls-Universität zu Tübingen 1990-01-01
_[288] 서적 Selbst-Emancipation : Zeitschrift für die nationalen, socialen und politischen Interessen des jüdischen Stammes; Organ der Zionisten : (1.4.1890). 1890 Heft 1 (1.4.1890). Wien http://sammlungen.ub[...] 1890-08-13
_[289] 간행물 拡大するシオニズムの宗教的側面（2018） https://www2.jiia.or[...] 防衛大学名誉教授
_[290] Youtube Rebel Rabbis: Anti-Zionist Jews Against Israel https://www.youtube.[...] 2023-10-14
_[291] 웹사이트 Ultra-Orthodox & Anti-Zionist https://www.myjewish[...]
_[292] 뉴스 「超正統派」に「世俗派」が反発 揺れるイスラエル https://www.sankei.c[...] 2022-11-01
_[293] 웹사이트 What is Modern Israel? https://www.plutoboo[...]
_[294] 웹사이트 「パレード」から読み解くニューヨーク｜橘宏樹 https://slowinternet[...] 2023-10-12
_[295] Youtube Rebel Rabbis: Anti-Zionist Jews Against Israel https://www.youtube.[...] 2023-10-14
_[296] 웹사이트 Ultra-Orthodox & Anti-Zionist https://www.myjewish[...]
_[297] 간행물 イスラームとユダヤ教 ―法的・神学的視点から― 2010-02-01
_[298] 뉴스 Zionism? Post-Zionism? Just give arguments http://www.haaretz.c[...] ハアレツ 2007-12-20
_[299] 서적 Making Israel http://dx.doi.org/10[...] University of Michigan Press 2007-01-01
_[300] 서적 The Zionist Ideology 1995-01-01
_[301] 서적 Nationalism, Zionism and Ethnic Mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and Beyond
_[302] 간행물 Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications https://pdfs.semanti[...] 2001-01-01
_[303] 서적 Settings of Silver: An Introduction to Judaism
_[304] 서적 The History of Zionism 2003-01-01
_[305] 서적 The Jewish State https://books.google[...] Courier Corporation 2012-01-01
_[306] 서적 The Palestine Nakba https://books.google[...] Zed Books 2012-01-01
_[307] 서적 The Jewish State Courier Corporation 2012-04-27
_[308] 서적 The Transformation of Palestine 1971-01-01
_[309] 서적 Jewish History and the Emergence of Modern Political Zionism Indiana University Printing Press 1994-01-01
_[310] 뉴스 U.N. Repeals Its '75 Resolution Equating Zionism With Racism https://www.nytimes.[...] 1991-12-17
_[311] 논문 2009-01-01
_[312] 간행물 The proof is in the genes? Jewish responses to DNA research https://dro.dur.ac.u[...] Informa UK Limited 2009-01-01
_[313] 간행물 Genetic markers cannot determine Jewish descent 2014-01-01
_[314] 논문 2012-01-01
_[315] 간행물 Arthur Ruppin's Concept of Race http://www.jstor.org[...] Indiana University Press 2006-01-01
_[316] 학술지 The Biblical Bases of Zionist Colonialism http://www.jstor.org[...] University of California Press, Institute for Palestine Studies 2023-07-05
_[317] Harvnb
_[318] 학술지 Anti-Judaism, Antisemitism, and Delegitimizing Israel https://www.tandfonl[...] 2023-07-11
_[319] Harvnb
_[320] 서적 Encyclopedia of modern Jewish culture Routledge 2005
_[321] 서적 מבוא לתולדות הלשון העברית (Avraham ben-Yosef, ''Introduction to the History of the Hebrew Language'') אור-עם
_[322] 서적 The Revival of Classical Tongue : Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language Walter de Gruyter
_[323] 서적 International Relations: A Concise Introduction https://books.google[...] NYU Press 2022-04-28
_[324] 서적 The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface https://books.google[...] University of California Press 2022-04-28
_[325] 서적 A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood https://books.google[...] Oxford University Press 2022-04-28
_[326] 서적 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East https://books.google[...] Infobase Publishing 2022-04-28
_[327] 서적 Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People https://books.google[...] Oxford University Press 2022-04-28
_[328] 웹사이트 Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica https://www.britanni[...] 2023-03-10
_[329] 웹사이트 Hebrew | People, Religion, & Location | Britannica https://www.britanni[...] 2023-03-10
_[330] 학술지 The Rise of Jerusalem and Judah: the Missing Link 2001
_[331] 서적 A short history of the Jews Princeton University Press 2010
_[332] 서적 Legacy : a Genetic History of the Jewish People. Oxford University Press USA 2012
_[333] 서적 The history of the Jews : from the destruction of Jerusalem to the present time Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim 1840
_[334] 서적 Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period http://dx.doi.org/10[...] Society of Biblical Literature 2012
_[335] 학술지 The Bible and Israeli Identity https://www.cambridg[...] 2023-11-20
_[336] 학술지 Religious and Historical Pretexts of Zionism https://www.tandfonl[...] 2023-11-20
_[337] Citation Reassessing the Historical and Sociological Impact of the Babylonian Exile (597/587–539 BCE) https://brill.com/di[...] Brill 2023-11-20
_[338] 학술지 Cyrus the Great (558–529 B.C.)
_[339] 서적 The World of the New Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts Baker Academic
_[340] 서적 A History of the Jewish People Harvard University Press
_[341] 서적 Identity and Territory: Jewish Perceptions of Space in Antiquity Univ of California Press
_[342] 서적 A History of the Jewish People https://books.google[...] Harvard University Press
_[343] 서적 Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE Brill 2018
_[344] 서적 Jerusalem : The Biography Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2012
_[345] 서적 A History of the Jewish People Harvard University Press
_[346] 저자
_[347] 서적 The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800 Arc Humanity Press
_[348] 서적 The political and social history of the Jewish community in the Land of Israel Cambridge University Press
_[349] 서적 An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations https://books.google[...] Cambridge University Press
_[350] 뉴스 Researchers Race to Document Vanishing Jewish Heritage of Galilee Druze Village https://www.haaretz.[...] 2023-03-10
_[351] 서적 Jews and Muslims in the Arab World: Haunted by Pasts Real and Imagined https://books.google[...] Rowman & Littlefield 2021-06-06
_[352] 서적 River Jordan: The Mythology of a Dividing Line https://books.google[...] University of Chicago Press 2022-04-28
_[353] 웹사이트 Exodus 6:4 I also established my covenant with them to give them the land of Canaan, where they resided as foreigners http://bible.cc/exod[...] Bible.cc 2013-08-11
_[354] 논문 The Patriarchal Boundaries, Canaan and the Land of Israel: Patterns and Application in Biblical Historiography https://www.jstor.or[...] 2021-03-02
_[355] 웹사이트 The Promised Land: A Biblical–Historical View http://faculty.gordo[...] Dallas Theological College
_[356] 웹사이트 Gen 15:18–21; NIV; On that day the LORD made a covenant http://www.biblegate[...] Bible Gateway 2013-08-11
_[357] 서적 Between Bible and Qurʾān: The Children of Israel and the Islamic Self-Image Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 17 Darwin Press, Princeton, NJ
_[358] 간행물 Vision and intent in Zionist Thought
_[359] 성경 이사야 11:12
_[360] 논문 Zionist Immigration Policy Put to the Test: Historical analysis of Israel's immigration policy, 1948–1951 http://www.tandfonli[...] 2022-05-07
_[361] 논문 Rupture and Return: Zionist Discourse and the Study of Arab Jews https://muse.jhu.edu[...] 2022-05-07
_[362] 간행물
_[363] 웹사이트 The Abuhav Synagogue https://www.jewishvi[...] 2023-03-10
_[364] 간행물 The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel
_[365] 간행물 The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & Wayne State University Press
_[366] 웹사이트 יהדות הגולה והכמיהה לציון, 1840–1240 https://web.archive.[...] 2012-03-19
_[367] 서적 Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe https://books.google[...] Oxford University Press 2011
_[368] 서적 The Sultan's Renegades : Christian-European Converts to Islam and the Making of the Ottoman Elite: 1575–1610 https://books.google[...] Oxford University Press 2022-05-29
_[369] 웹사이트 Shabbethai Ẓebi B. Mordecai – JewishEncyclopedia.com https://www.jewishen[...] 2023-03-10
_[370] 웹사이트 LDS Church History http://www.lds.org/c[...] 2003-04-06
_[371] 간행물 Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict
_[372] 웹사이트 Zionism https://www.jewishen[...] 2023-03-10
_[373] 간행물 American Jewish Historical Society
_[374] 웹사이트 Major Noah: American Patriot, American Zionist https://web.archive.[...] Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation 2015-05-12
_[375] 웹사이트 Mordecai Noah and St. Paul's Cathedral: An American Proto-Zionist Solution to the "Jewish Problem" https://web.archive.[...] Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation 2015-05-12
_[376] 서적 Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001 2024-02
_[377] 웹사이트 Zionism & The British In Palestine http://fusion.dalmat[...] 2007-05-20
_[378] 간행물
_[379] 웹사이트 Der Judenstaat sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de 2016-05-27
_[380] 서적 Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice Britannica Educational Publishing
_[381] 논문 The Isolation of Israel https://www.jstor.or[...] 2023-11-24
_[382] 논문 Great Power Rivalry in the Middle East https://www.jstor.or[...] 2023-11-24
_[383] 논문 Another Forged 'Stalin Document' https://www.jstor.or[...] 2023-11-24
_[384] 서적 Legacy of empire: Britain, Zionism and the creation of Israel Saqi Books
_[385] 논문 The Attitude of the Jewish and the Russian Intelligentsia to Zionism in the Initial Period (1897–1904) https://www.jstor.or[...] 2023-11-24
_[386] 논문 The Attitude of the Jewish and the Russian Intelligentsia to Zionism in the Initial Period (1897–1904) https://www.jstor.or[...] 2023-11-24
_[387] 논문 Messianism, Zionism, and the State of Israel https://www.jstor.or[...] 2023-11-24
_[388] 웹사이트 Herzl Was the New Jew https://mosaicmagazi[...] 2021-01-25
_[389] 논문 The Attitude of the Jewish and the Russian Intelligentsia to Zionism in the Initial Period (1897–1904) https://www.jstor.or[...] 2023-11-24
_[390] 서적 Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions Encyclopædia Britannica
_[391] 논문 The Theories of Nationalism and of Zionism in the First Decade of the State of Israel https://www.jstor.or[...] 2023-11-24
_[392] 웹사이트 The Israeli Flag (definitive stamp), 11/2010. Four Milestones in the History of the Flag: Nezz Ziona, 1891 https://services.isr[...] Israel Post, Israel Philatelic Service 2024-01-22
_[393] 서적 From Fighters to Soldiers https://books.google[...] Sussex Academic Press 2008-10-09
_[394] 논문 Conflict and Military Terminology: The Language of the Israel Defense Forces https://www.duo.uio.[...] 2021-01-08
_[395] 서적 In the Shadow of Zion: Promised Lands Before Israel https://books.google[...] NYU Press 2016-03-16
_[396] 서적 Der Judenstaat sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de 2016-05-27
_[397] 서적 In the Shadow of Zion: Promised Lands Before Israel https://books.google[...] NYU Press 2016-03-16
_[398] 서적 New Jews: The End of the Jewish Diaspora https://books.google[...] NYU Press 2016-01-22
_[399] 서적 The Jewish State: The Struggle for Israel's Soul Basic Books 2000
_[400] 기타
_[401] 서적 The Jewish State: The Struggle for Israel's Soul Basic Books 2000
_[402] 서적 New Jews: The End of the Jewish Diaspora https://books.google[...] NYU Press 2016-01-22
_[403] 서적 Israeli Identity: In Search of a Successor to the Pioneer, Tsabar and Settler https://books.google[...] Routledge 2016-01-22
_[404] 서적 A Concise History of the Jewish People https://books.google[...] Rowman & Littlefield 2016-02-19
_[405] 서적 A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict https://archive.org/[...] Indiana University Press 2016-06-22
_[406] 서적 In the Shadow of Zion: Promised Lands Before Israel https://books.google[...] NYU Press 2016-03-16
_[407] 서적 The Dream of Zion: The Story of the First Zionist Congress https://books.google[...] Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2020-11-23
_[408] 서적 The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History https://books.google[...] Oxford University Press 2016-01-22
_[409] 서적 In Harness: Yiddish Writers' Romance with Communism. Judaic traditions in literature, music, and art. Syracuse University Press
_[410] 서적 Where the Jews Aren't: The Sad and Absurd Story of Birobidzhan, Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region https://books.google[...] Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
_[411] 논문 The Primacy of Water in the Zionist Project 2016
_[412] 서적 The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923 https://archive.org/[...] Longman 1987-09-01
_[413] 웹사이트 League of Nations Palestine Mandate: July 24, 1922 http://www.stateofis[...] 2018-03-12
_[414] 웹사이트 International Council of Jewish Women https://jwa.org/ency[...] International Council of Jewish Women 2018-11-20
_[415] 서적 Masada 1927
_[416] 웹사이트 The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem Part I: 1917–1947 https://unispal.un.o[...] 2018-11-10
_[417] 논문 The Struggle against Jewish Immigration to Palestine
_[418] 웹사이트 Palestine Conference (Government Policy) (Hansard, 18 February 1947) https://api.parliame[...] 1947-02-18
_[419] 간행물 Survey of Palestine
_[420] 논문 The Miracle 1998-05
_[421] 웹사이트 Avalon Project – Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry – Preface https://avalon.law.y[...] 2023-03-10
_[422] 논문 Exit Britain: British Withdrawal From the Palestine Mandate in the Early Cold War, 1947–1948
_[423] 서적 Stalin https://books.google[...] Routledge 2018-06-16
_[424] 서적 Jews and the Left: The Rise and Fall of a Political Alliance https://books.google[...] Springer 2018-06-16
_[425] 논문 The Soviet Union's role in the creation of the state of Israel
_[426] 간행물 report to the General Assembly United Nations Special Committee on Palestine 1947-09-03
_[427] 웹사이트 Extracts from Time Magazine of that time http://www.time.com/[...] 2024-04-21
_[428] 간행물 General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine https://unispal.un.o[...] 1950-10-23
_[429] 서적 Kodmani-Darwish and Féron, Féron
_[430] 웹사이트 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East http://www.unrwa.org[...] UNRWA 2015-01-07
_[431] 서적 A Survey of Palestine HMSO
_[432] 서적 Living Without a Constitution: Civil Rights in Israel https://books.google[...] M.E. Sharpe 2020-11-23
_[433] 간행물 Pro-Palestine and Zionist Activities http://www.ajcarchiv[...]
_[434] 웹사이트 Hagshama.org https://web.archive.[...] 2024-04-21
_[435] 웹사이트 Zionist Philosophies http://mfa.gov.il/MF[...] 2015-05-13
_[436] 웹사이트 http://humanities1.t[...]
_[437] 논문 The Meaning of Zionism for the Diaspora https://www.jstor.or[...] 1998
_[438] 논문 Paths to Utopia: The Kibbutz as a Movement for Social Change https://www.jstor.or[...] 1986
_[439] 서적 The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State https://www.jstor.or[...] Princeton University Press 1998
_[440] 서적 The Palestine Nakba https://books.google[...] Zed Books
_[441] 뉴스 The Right Hand Washes the Left https://www.tabletma[...] 2014-09-03
_[442] 서적 Israel: A History (London)
_[443] 서적 Fading Corporatism: Israel's Labor Law and Industrial Relations in Transition https://archive.org/[...] Cornell University Press
_[444] 뉴스 The Dramatic Headline of This Election: Israel Is Not Right Wing https://www.haaretz.[...]
_[445] 웹사이트 A Liberal Upheaval: From the General Zionists to the Liberal Party (pre-book dissertation) https://web.archive.[...] Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Liberty 2013
_[446] 뉴스 Liberal Zionism https://www.haaretz.[...]
_[447] 간행물 Knowledge-Nation Israel: A New Unifying Vision http://azure.org.il/[...]
_[448] 뉴스 Israel Today: A Society Without a Center https://www.haaretz.[...]
_[449] 서적 The Iron Wall: Zionist Revisionism from Jabotinsky to Shamir Zed Books
_[450] 서적 Original Sins: Reflections on the History of Zionism and Israel Olive Branch Press
_[451] 뉴스 The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World since 1948 https://www.nytimes.[...] 1999
_[452] 뉴스 Sharon shakes up Israeli politics http://www.cnn.com/2[...] 2005-11-22
_[453] 논문 Exporting political theology to the diaspora: translating Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook for Modern Orthodox consumption 2021
_[454] 서적 Israelis in Conflict: Hegemonies, Identities and Challenges Sussex Academic Press
_[455] 논문 Anatomy of the 1936–39 Revolt: Images of the Body in Political Cartoons of Mandatory Palestine https://www.academia[...] 2008-01-01
_[456] 서적 The Palestine Nakba https://books.google[...] Zed Books
_[457] 웹사이트 Hitler and the Nazis' Anti-Zionism https://fathomjourna[...] 2023-11-19
_[458] 논문 Nazi-Germany's Anti-Zionist Propaganda and Its Impact on the War of 1947/48 https://webjcli.org/[...] 2023-11-19
_[459] 웹사이트 Charter of the International Jewish anti-Zionist Network https://web.archive.[...] 2010-10-29
_[460] 간행물 Holocaust Victims Accuse Bnei Yeshivos NY
_[461] 웹사이트 Satmar Hasidic Dynasty https://yivoencyclop[...] 2022-03-22
_[462] 논문 "The Only Thorn": Early Saudi-American Relations and the Question of Palestine, 1945–1949 https://www.jstor.or[...] 2024-02-01
_[463] 논문 The Age of Nationality and the Origins of the Zionist-Palestinian Conflict. http://www.jstor.org[...]
_[464] 웹사이트 African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights / Legal Instruments / ACHPR http://www.achpr.org[...] 2018-03-12
_[465] 간행물 Ratification Table: African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights http://www.achpr.org[...] African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 2018-01-19
_[466] 서적 The Holocaust and Israel Reborn: From Catastrophe to Sovereignty https://books.google[...] University of Illinois Press 2019-03-11
_[467] 간행물 イスラームとユダヤ教 ―法的・神学的視点から― 2010-02-00
_[468] 웹사이트 A Threat from Within: A Century of Jewish Opposition to Zionism https://fernwoodpubl[...] 2023-11-14
_[469] 웹사이트 The Fundamental Agreement – the culmination of Nostra Aetate https://www.rabbidav[...] 2022-11-29
_[470] 서적 Civiltà cattolica, 1922, IV, pp. 369–371, cited in Unholy War Pan Books 2001
_[471] 간행물 Paulist
_[472] 서적 Fabricating Israeli History Frank Cass
_[473] 서적 The Social and Political Philosophy of Ze'ev Jabotinsky Valletine Mitchell
_[474] 웹사이트 Israeli Statement in Response to "Zionism Is Racism" Resolution (November 1975) https://www.jewishvi[...] 2023-03-10
_[475] 논문 It can be done http://www.lrb.co.uk[...] 2012-10-16
_[476] 서적 Community and conscience: the Jews in apartheid South Africa UPNE
_[477] 웹사이트 Judeophobia https://web.archive.[...] The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism 2018-12-14
_[478] 서적 Palestinians Between Israel and Jordan https://web.archive.[...] Prager 2010-11-14
_[479] 서적 The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihad and Modernity Verso
_[480] 서적 The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine Oneworld
_[481] 서적 Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective Taylor & Francis
_[482] 서적 The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, translation, June 1895 entry Herzl Press and Thomas Yoseloff
_[483] 서적 The Jewish Divide Over Israel Transaction
_[484] 서적 Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective Taylor & Francis
_[485] 서적 A History of Zionism Random House
_[486] 뉴스 Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return https://www.theguard[...] 2016-12-13
_[487] 웹사이트 Survival of the Fittest? An Interview with Benny Morris https://web.archive.[...] 2023-03-10
_[488] 웹사이트 The expulsion of the Palestinians re-examined https://mondediplo.c[...] 2023-03-10
_[489] 서적 Palestine betrayed Yale University Press
_[490] 논문 The Palestine Arab Refugee Problem and Its Origins 1990-04-00
_[491] 서적 The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Parallel Discourses https://books.google[...] Taylor & Francis 2011
_[492] 뉴스 No Peaceful Solution http://www.editricei[...] Haaretz Friday Supplement 2005-08-11
_[493] 서적 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949 Cambridge University Press 1988
_[494] 간행물 Yosef Weitz and the Transfer Committees, 1948–49 1986-10
_[495] 간행물 The Harvest of 1948 and the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem 1986-09
_[496] 간행물 The Crystallization of Israeli Policy Against a Return of the Arab Refugees: April–December 1948 1985
_[497] 서적 The Birth of Israel, Myths and Realities Croom Helm 1987
_[498] 간행물 The Palestinian Exodus of 1948 1987-06
_[499] 서적 The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine Oneworld 2007
_[500] 서적 Islam and Contemporary Civilisation Academic Monographs 2010
_[501] 웹사이트 Survival of the Fittest (an interview with Historian Benny Morris) http://www.deiryassi[...] Haaretz, Magazine Section 2004-01-09
_[502] 웹사이트 Unearthed Gandhi WWII letter wishes Jews 'era of peace' https://abcnews.go.c[...] 2022-04-29
_[503] 웹사이트 Gandhi & Zionism: 'The Jews' https://www.jewishvi[...] 1938-11-26
_[504] 간행물 India's Israel Policy (review) https://muse.jhu.edu[...] 2011-02-12
_[505] 웹사이트 Gandhi, the Jews & Zionism: Gandhi on Jews and Palestine https://www.jewishvi[...] 1946-07-21
_[506] UN문서 Resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) 1973-12-14
_[507] 간행물 Israel and Black Africa: A Rapprochement? 1981-06
_[508] 웹사이트 Brothers in arms – Israel's secret pact with Pretoria https://www.theguard[...] 2006-02-07
_[509] 뉴스 UN envoy hits Israel 'apartheid' http://news.bbc.co.u[...] 2007-02-23
_[510] 웹사이트 UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, Racial Discrimination (Council on Foreign Relations, November 10, 1975) http://www.cfr.org/u[...]
_[511] 서적 How We Got Here: The '70s Basic Books 2000
_[512] 웹사이트 260 General Assembly Resolution 46–86 – Revocation of Resolution 3379 – 16 December 1991 and statement by President Herzog http://www.mfa.gov.i[...] Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
_[513] 뉴스 Anger over Zionism debate http://news.bbc.co.u[...] 2001-09-04
_[514] 뉴스 US abandons racism summit http://news.bbc.co.u[...] 2001-09-03
_[515] 웹사이트 Neturei Karta: What is it? http://www.adl.org/e[...]
_[516] 웹사이트 Neturei Karta https://www.jewishvi[...]
_[517] 웹사이트 We oppose the Zionists and their 'state' http://globalfire.tv[...]
_[518] 웹사이트 The Great Gulf Between Zionism and Judaism https://www.nkusa.or[...]
_[519] 웹사이트 What is Zionism? http://www.jewsagain[...] Jews against Zionism
_[520] 웹사이트 Zionism promotes antisemitism http://www.jewsagain[...] Jews against Zionism
_[521] 웹사이트 Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism http://jcpa.org/phas[...] 2004-09
_[522] 간행물 Anti-Zionism as Racism: Campus Anti-Semitism and the Civil Rights Act of 1964
_[523] 웹사이트 Critics of Israel 'fuelling hatred of British Jews' https://www.theguard[...] 2006-10-17
_[524] 웹사이트 H-Antisemitism http://www.h-net.org[...] H-Net
_[525] 서적 Anti-semitism in Germany: the post-Nazi epoch since 1945 https://books.google[...] Transaction Publishers 1997
_[526] 서적 Native vs. Settler https://books.google[...] Greenwood Press 2015-02-14
_[527] 서적 Warrant for Genocide Serif
_[528] 서적 Warrant for Genocide Serif
_[529] 간행물 Hamas charter, article 32
_[530] 서적 Deconstructing Zionism: A Critique of Political Metaphysics Bloomsbury Academic
_[531] 웹사이트 ZNet – Beyond Chutzpah https://web.archive.[...] 2009-06-25
_[532] 서적 The Arab-Israeli Conflict http://books.google.[...] Rosen Pub.
_[533] 서적 1948 http://books.google.[...] Yale University Press
_[534] 서적 The Iron Wall http://books.google.[...] W.W. Norton
_[535] 서적 Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001 http://books.google.[...] 2024-02
_[536] 서적 Knowing Too Much OR Books
_[537] 서적 Knowing Too Much OR Books
_[538] 웹사이트 砂漠の英雄と百年の悲劇 https://www.nhk.jp/p[...] 2024-09-10
_[539] 웹사이트 Definitions of Zionism http://www.zionismon[...] 2007-01-10
_[540] 웹사이트 시온주의 Zion主義 https://ko.dict.nave[...]
_[541] 서적 이즘과 올로지 랜덤하우스코리아 2009-12-04
_[542] 서적 To Rule Jerusalem
_[543] 서적 Nations and Nationalism
_[544] 웹사이트 Ireland's Zionist slurs like Iran, says Israel http://www.jewishtel[...] 2006-08-17
_[545] 서적 The Chomsky Reader
_[546] 서적 Settings of Silver: An Introduction to Judaism Paulist Press
_[547] 웹사이트 시온주의의 태동과 이념 https://terms.naver.[...]
_[548] 서적 Dying for Jerusalem: The Past, Present and Future of the Holiest City Sourcebooks, Inc.
_[549] 웹사이트 Yearning for Zion (시온을 위한 갈망) http://www.doingzion[...]
_[550] 웹사이트 The Jewish Diaspora in the Hellenistic Period (헬레니스틱 시대 당시의 유대인 디아스포라) https://www.webcitat[...] 2011-09-21
_[551] 성경 이사야 11장 12절
_[552] 서적 The Making of Modern Zionism: Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State Basic Books
_[553] 웹사이트 Palestine: The Original Sin http://www.acpr.org.[...]
_[554] 서적 Chronicle of Jewish History: From the Patriarchs to the 21st Century KTAV Publishing House