치카노

3. 역사

3. 1. 치카노 운동 이전

3. 2. 치카노 운동 (1960년대 ~ 1970년대)

3. 3. 치카노 운동 이후

4. 사회·문화 측면

치카노 문화는 멕시코와 미국의 문화가 혼합된 독특한 형태를 띠고 있다. 1960년대, 라틴계 미국인 중 지식인, 젊은 남성들을 중심으로 미국 시민으로서 존중받고 자존감을 표출해야 한다는 의식이 팽배해졌고, 치카노 문화는 이러한 라틴계 미국인들을 표현하는 수단으로서 만들어졌다.^[37] 치카노들은 미국 사회에서 차별과 억압을 경험하면서도 자신들만의 문화적 정체성을 유지하고 발전시켜왔다. 치카노 문화는 문학, 미술, 음악 등 다양한 예술 분야에서 두드러지게 나타나며, 특히 문학계에서 그 움직임이 가장 먼저 나타났다. 치카노 운동은 작가들의 글쓰기 속에서 정치사회적 운동과 연결되었으며, 일반 미국 사회의 틀 속에서 멕시코계 미국인의 전통을 지닌 문화적 정체성에 대해 글을 썼다.

치카노 문화는 미국 남서부 지역을 중심으로 발전했으며, 캘리포니아, 텍사스, 뉴멕시코 등지에 거주하는 멕시코계 미국인들이 주축을 이루었다. 이들은 멕시코 혁명 이후 미국으로 이주한 멕시코인들의 후손으로, 미국 사회의 주류 문화에 동화되지 않고 자신들의 문화적 유산을 지키고자 노력했다.

치카노 문화는 파추코 문화와 촐로 문화와 같은 하위문화를 포함한다. 파추코는 1940년대 멕시코계 미국인 청년들 사이에서 유행했던 스타일로, 주트 수트(Zoot Suit)라고 불리는 독특한 옷차림과 칼로(Caló)라는 은어를 사용했다. 촐로는 1960년대 이후 멕시코계 미국인 갱단 문화를 지칭하는 용어로, 로우라이더 자동차와 문신, 독특한 옷차림 등이 특징이다.

치카노 문화는 미국 사회에 다양한 영향을 미쳤다. 치카노 예술가들은 벽화, 음악, 문학 등 다양한 분야에서 활동하며 멕시코계 미국인의 정체성과 문화를 표현하고, 사회적 불평등과 차별에 저항하는 목소리를 냈다. 치카노 운동은 멕시코계 미국인의 권익 신장에 기여했으며, 미국 사회의 다양성을 증진시키는 데 일조했다.

치카노 문화는 일본, 브라질, 태국 등 다른 나라에도 영향을 주었다.^[102][265] 특히 일본에서는 1980년대부터 치카노 문화가 유행하여, 치카노 음악, 패션, 로우라이더 자동차 등이 인기를 끌고 있다.^[268]

4. 1. 문학

4. 2. 시각 예술

4. 3. 음악

• '''치카노 록'''

• '''재즈'''

• '''치카노 랩'''

• '''그 외 치카노 음악가들'''

4. 4. 스타일

5. 정치적 측면

''치카노''는 멕시코계 미국인들이 민족적 연대와 "브라운 프라이드"를 주장하는 방식이며, ''흑인은 아름답다'' 운동과 함께 자리 잡았다.^[85][86] 치카노 정체성은 비백인, 비유럽적인 자아상을 갖는 것에 대한 자부심의 상징으로, 1950년대 미국 인구 조사의 "스페인 성씨를 가진 백인"이라는 지정을 거부했다.^[85][1]

알프레드 아르테아가는 치카노가 아메리카 대륙의 유럽 식민지화에서 비롯된 민족 정체성이며, 식민지 폭력 속에서 혼합 민족 또는 인종으로 등장했다고 주장한다.^[89] 2011년 연구에 따르면 멕시코계 미국인의 모계 mtDNA 계통의 85~90%가 원주민 계통이다.^[88]

5. 1. 반제국주의와 국제 연대

5. 2. 노동 운동

5. 3. 교육 투쟁

5. 4. 국경 거부

6. 사회학적 측면

'''치카노'''라는 용어는 역사가들 사이에서 논쟁의 대상이지만,^[35] 일부 학자들은 ''치카노''가 멕시카족을 지칭하는 단어 ''Mexica''에서 파생되었다고 믿는다. ''Mexihcatl''의 ''x''는 나우아틀어와 초기 현대 스페인어에서 /ʃ/ 또는 ''sh'' 소리를 나타내며, ''치카노''는 ''멕시카노''(Mexican, 멕시코인)의 첫 음절이 탈락되면서 유래되었을 수 있다.^[37]

1960년대와 1970년대 치카노 운동 기간 동안 ''치카노''는 주류 미국 문화로의 동화, 체계적인 인종 차별과 고정관념, 식민주의, 그리고 미국이라는 국민 국가에 저항하는 뚜렷한 민족적, 정치적, 문화적 정체성을 주장하기 위해 널리 사용되었다.^[57] 아스틀란이라는 개념은 미국 남서부에 위치한 것으로 여겨지는 신화적인 고향으로, 멕시코계 미국인들이 사회적, 정치적 행동을 취하도록 동원했다. ''치카노''는 ''메스티소''를 위한 통합 용어가 되었다.^[57]

6. 1. 범죄화

6. 2. 젠더와 섹슈얼리티

6. 3. 정신 건강

6. 4. 영성

7. 국제적 영향

치카노 문화는 일부 지역에서 국제적으로 인기를 얻었으며, 특히 일본, 브라질, 태국에서 두드러진다.^[102][265] 치카노 하이브리드와 국경 이론과 같은 치카노 사상은 탈식민주의와 같은 곳에서도 영향을 미쳤다.^[102] 상파울루에서는 치카노 문화의 영향으로 청소년들 사이에서 문화적 자부심을 형성한 "초-로우"(''촐로''와 로우라이더의 조합) 하위 문화가 형성되었다.^[266][267]

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_[129] 서적 Chicana and Chicano Art: ProtestArte University of Arizona Press
_[130] 서적 Chicano and Chicana Art: A Critical Anthology Duke University Press
_[131] 서적 Raza Si, Guerra No: Chicano Protest and Patriotism During the Viet Nam War Era University of California Press
_[132] 웹사이트 Series 1: Publications, 1962–2001 {{!}} Special Collections & Archives https://archives.col[...] 2019-12-11
_[133] 간행물 La batalla está aquí! : Chicanos oppose the war in Vietnam / https://searchworks.[...] 2020-05-26
_[134] 웹사이트 "Peace is Dignity": How Denver Activist Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales Viewed the Vietnam War https://history.denv[...] 2019-12-11
_[135] 서적 ¡Chicana Power! Contested Histories of Feminism in the Chicano Movement University of Texas Press
_[136] 서적 Chicano Politics and Society in the Late Twentieth Century University of Texas Press
_[137] 서적 Dividing the Isthmus: Central American Transnational Histories, Literatures, and Cultures University of Texas Press
_[138] 서적 The Chicano Generation: Testimonios of the Movement University of California Press
_[139] 서적 The Chicano/a Student Movement in Southern California in the 1990s University of California, Los Angeles
_[140] 서적 Raza Si, Guerra No: Chicano Protest and Patriotism during the Viet Nam War Era University of California Press
_[141] 뉴스 Proposition 187 Led Young Chicanos to Action 1995-01-03
_[142] 웹사이트 After Prop 187 Came The Fall Of California's Once-Mighty GOP, And The Rise Of Latino Political Power https://laist.com/20[...] 2019-11-11
_[143] 서적 Day of the Dead in the USA: The Migration and Transformation of a Cultural Phenomenon Rutgers University Press
_[144] 서적 Confessions of a Radical Chicano Doo-Wop Singer University of California Press
_[145] 서적 The Mexican Outsiders: A Community History of Marginalization and Discrimination in California University of Texas Press
_[146] 서적 The Mexican Outsiders: A Community History of Marginalization and Discrimination in California University of Texas Press
_[147] 서적 Consuming Mexican Labor: From the Bracero Program to NAFTA University of Toronto Press
_[148] 서적 Mexican Consuls and Labor Organizing: Imperial Politics in the American Southwest University of Texas Press
_[149] 서적 Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement Arte Público Press
_[150] 서적 Corridors of Migration: The Odyssey of Mexican Laborers, 1600-1933 University of Arizona Press
_[151] 서적 Cesar Chavez ABC-CLIO
_[152] 서적 The Mexican Outsiders: A Community History of Marginalization and Discrimination in California University of Texas Press
_[153] 서적 Daughters and Granddaughters of Farmworkers: Emerging from the Long Shadow of Farm Labor Rutgers University Press
_[154] 서적 The untold story of Sylvia Mendez: school desegregation pioneer https://books.google[...] Capstone Publishers 2023
_[155] 서적 Chicano education in the era of segregation https://books.google[...] University of North Texas Press 2013
_[156] 서적 Breaching the Colonial Contract: Anti-Colonialism in the US and Canada Springer Netherlands
_[157] 서적 '"White" Washing American Education: The New Culture Wars in Ethnic Studies' ABC-CLIO
_[158] 서적 The Chicano Movement: Perspectives from the Twenty-First Century Taylor & Francis
_[159] 웹사이트 El Plan de Santa Barbara; a Chicano Plan for Higher Education https://livinghistor[...] La Causa Publications 2013-02-01
_[160] 서적 Chicano Studies: The Genesis of a Discipline University of Arizona Press
_[161] 웹사이트 Arizona Education Officials Say It's Illegal To Recite This Poem In School https://www.huffpost[...] 2020-11-10
_[162] 웹사이트 The dismantling of Mexican-American studies in Tucson schools https://www.cnn.com/[...] 2020-05-21
_[163] 뉴스 Tucson's Mexican Studies Program Was a Victim of "Racial Animus," Judge Says https://www.nytimes.[...] 2017-10-03
_[164] 간행물 Decolonizing Professional Development: A Re-Humanizing Approach https://eric.ed.gov/[...] 2019
_[165] 웹사이트 Students decry lack of Chicano Studies Program at America's border college https://www.theswcsu[...] 2021-03-24
_[166] 서적 Memories of Chicano History: The Life and Narrative of Bert Corona University of California Press
_[167] 서적 Chicano Folklore Oxford University Press
_[168] 서적 Chicana/o Identity in a Changing U.S. Society University of Arizona Press
_[169] 웹사이트 Cinco de Mayo: An open challenge to Chicano Nationalists http://www.nacionali[...]
_[170] 서적 Twenty-First Century Dynamics of Multiculturalism: Beyond Post-Racial America Charles C Thomas Publisher
_[171] 서적 Border Matters: Remapping American Cultural Studies University of California Press
_[172] 서적 Border Culture Greenwood
_[173] 서적 Borders and Borderlands in Contemporary Culture Cambridge Scholars Press
_[174] 서적 Learning from Fossils: Transcultural Space in Luis Alberto Urrea's In Search of Snow Rodopi
_[175] 서적 Reworlding America: Myth, History, and Narrative Ohio University Press
_[176] 서적 Gringo Injustice: Insider Perspectives on Police, Gangs, and Law https://books.google[...] Routledge 2023-03-18
_[177] 서적 Gringo Injustice: Insider Perspectives on Police, Gangs, and Law Routledge
_[178] 서적 The lynching of Mexicans in the Texas borderlands University of New Mexico Press 2018-08
_[179] 서적 Latinos in a Changing Society Praegar Publishers
_[180] 서적 Latino Pentecostal Identity: Evangelical Faith, Self, and Society Columbia University Press
_[181] 서적 Gringo Injustice: Insider Perspectives on Police, Gangs, and Law Routledge
_[182] 서적 Racializing Justice, Disenfranchising Lives: The Racism, Criminal Justice, and Law Reader Palgrave Macmillan US
_[183] 서적 Gringo Injustice: Insider Perspectives on Police, Gangs, and Law Routledge
_[184] 학위논문 How Social Media Affect the Social Identity of Mexican Americans https://scholarsarch[...] Brigham Young University 2013-12-13
_[185] 서적 Chicana and Chicano Mental Health: Alma, Mente y Corazón University of Arizona Press
_[186] 서적 Chicana and Chicano Mental Health: Alma, Mente y Corazón University of Arizona Press
_[187] 서적 Chicana and Chicano Mental Health: Alma, Mente y Corazón University of Arizona Press
_[188] 서적 Velvet Barrios: Popular Culture & Chicana/o Sexualities Palgrave Macmillan
_[189] 서적 The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader Routledge
_[190] 서적 The Routledge Queer Studies Reader Routledge
_[191] 서적 Chicana and Chicano Mental Health: Alma, Mente y Corazón University of Arizona Press
_[192] 서적 Chicana and Chicano Mental Health: Alma, Mente Y Corazón University of Arizona Press
_[193] 서적 Chicana and Chicano Mental Health: Alma, Mente y Corazón University of Arizona Press
_[194] 웹사이트 Chicana, Chicano Spirituality & Mental Health, Dr. Manuel X. Zamarripa https://www.youtube.[...] 2017-10-23
_[195] 서적 Chicana Art: The Politics of Spiritual and Aesthetic Altarities Duke University Press
_[196] 서적 Day of the Dead in the USA: The Migration and Transformation of a Cultural Phenomenon Rutgers University Press
_[197] 서적 Voices from the Ancestors: Xicanx and Latinx Spiritual Expressions and Healing Practices University of Arizona Press
_[198] 서적 Religion in Today's World: Global Issues, Sociological Perspectives Routledge
_[199] PhD dissertation The Circle, Indigeneity, and Healing: Rehumanizing Chicano, Mexican, and Indigenous Men https://repository.a[...] University of Arizona 2020
_[200] 웹사이트 Círculo de Hombres 2013 https://www.youtube.[...] 2016-09-21
_[201] 간행물 Chicana/o Spirituality: An Expression of Identity https://scholarworks[...] 2018
_[202] 서적 EntreMundos/AmongWorlds: New Perspectives on Gloria E. Anzaldúa Palgrave Macmillan
_[203] 간행물 "I'm a Citizen of the Universe": Gloria Anzaldúa's Spiritual Activism as Catalyst for Social Change https://www.jstor.or[...] 2008
_[204] 서적 Borderless Borders Temple University Press
_[205] 서적 Chicano Renaissance: Contemporary Cultural Trends https://books.google[...] University of Arizona Press 2022
_[206] 서적 Rethinking Chicana/o and Latina/o Popular Culture Palgrave Macmillan
_[207] 서적 Native American and Chicano/a Literature of the American Southwest: Intersections of Indigenous Literatures Taylor & Francis
_[208] 웹사이트 Introduction to Chicano Literature https://anaya.unm.ed[...] 2023-01-25
_[209] 웹사이트 As We See Ourselves in Chicano Literature https://open.uapress[...] 2023-01-26
_[210] 간행물 Cultural Nationalism and Xicano Literature during the Decade of 1965-1975 https://www.jstor.or[...] 2023-01-26
_[211] Citation "El Louie" by José Montoya: An Appreciation https://onlinelibrar[...] Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2017-10-23
_[212] 서적 Hecho en Tejas: An Anthology of Texas-Mexican Literature https://books.google[...] UNM Press 2008
_[213] 웹사이트 Good-Bye Revolution?Hello Cultural Mystique: Quinto Sol Publications and Chicano LiteraryNationalism. 2010
_[214] 서적 Contemporary Chicana Poetry: A Critical Approach to an Emerging Literature https://books.google[...] University of California Press 1992
_[215] 서적 Chicano Narrative: Dialectics of Difference https://archive.org/[...] University of Wisconsin Press
_[216] 서적 Rethinking Chicana/o and Latina/o Popular Culture Palgrave Macmillan
_[217] 서적 Rethinking Chicana/o and Latina/o Popular Culture Palgrave Macmillan
_[218] 간행물 Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture Greenwood Publishing Group 2004
_[219] 웹사이트 Bust A Groove https://www.discogs.[...] 2020-11-13
_[220] 웹사이트 Groove Daddy Records https://www.discogs.[...] 2020-11-13
_[221] 서적 The Encyclopedia of Native Music: More Than a Century of Recordings from Wax Cylinder to the Internet University of Arizona Press
_[222] 웹사이트 The 20 best US rave anthems of the '90s https://mixmag.net/f[...] 2019-07-29
_[223] 웹사이트 What is the greatest dance track of all time? http://www.mixmag.ne[...] 2013-02-15
_[224] 웹사이트 The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s https://pitchfork.co[...] 2023-01-15
_[225] Citation The Making Of DJ Rolando "Jaguar" Video https://www.youtube.[...] 2023-01-15
_[226] 웹사이트 Santiago Salazar Makes Techno With a "Chicano Feel" https://www.laweekly[...] 2020-04-28
_[227] 웹사이트 Santiago Salazar: High-tech Chicano https://www.resident[...] 2020-04-28
_[228] 웹사이트 about https://yaxteq.com/b[...] 2020-11-13
_[229] 서적 Chicano Popular Culture, Second Edition: Que Hable el Pueblo University of Arizona Press
_[230] 서적 Lowriders in Chicano Culture: From Low to Slow to Show https://archive.org/[...] Greenwood
_[231] 웹사이트 Rapper Conejo extradited from Mexico on murder charges after 14 years on the lam https://www.foxnews.[...] 2024-04-04
_[232] 서적 Velvet Barrios: Popular Culture and Chicana/o Sexualities https://books.google[...] Springer 2016
_[233] 웹사이트 HARP Magazine http://www.harpmagaz[...] 2008-10-13
_[234] 서적 Decentering the Nation: Music, Mexicanidad, and Globalization Lexington Books
_[235] 뉴스 The revolution that saved rock http://www.cnn.com/2[...] 2008-10-13
_[236] 서적 Mexico and the United States Marshall Cavendish Corporation
_[237] 서적 Ethnic American Literature: An Encyclopedia for Students ABC-CLIO
_[238] 서적 The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia Greenwood Publishing Group
_[239] 웹사이트 'No homeland, no fear': A conversation with the radical art collective that imagines a borderless America https://www.pbs.org/[...] 2023-01-15
_[240] 웹사이트 Queering the Border https://www.texasobs[...] 2023-01-15
_[241] 웹사이트 '100 Ways to Cross the Border' set to premiere at BAMcinemaFest https://aldianews.co[...] 2023-01-15
_[242] 서적 Chicano Art Inside/Outside the Master's House: Cultural Politics and the CARA Exhibition University of Texas Press
_[243] 웹사이트 Art as Resistance: Chicano Artists in the Time of Trump https://www.kcet.org[...] 2020-06-11
_[244] 서적 Chicano Renaissance: Contemporary Cultural Trends University of Arizona Press
_[245] 뉴스 How Prison Art From Texas Captured the Art World's Attention. http://www.texasmont[...] Texas Monthly 2014-02-13
_[246] 서적 Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture: Volume 2 Greenwood Press
_[247] 논문 Urban Graffiti on the City Landscape 1998-02-14
_[248] 서적 Mexican-American Folklore August House
_[249] 서적 Barrio Rhythm: Mexican American Music in Los Angeles University of Illinois Press
_[250] 서적 Con Safo: The Chicano Art Group and the Politics of South Texas. UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center Press
_[251] 서적 Art and the City: Civic Imagination and Cultural Authority in Los Angeles University of Pennsylvania Press
_[252] 웹사이트 Arts Visalia celebrates influential Chicano artist Ricardo Favela, a Dinuba native https://www.visaliat[...] 2021-03-03
_[253] 서적 Con Safo: The Chicano Art Group and the Politics of South Texas https://books.google[...] UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center Press 2009
_[254] 문서 Hombres Y Mujeres Muralistas on a Mission: Painting Latino Identities in 1970s San Francisco. ProQuest 2006
_[255] 논문 Why do Graffiti Writers Write on Murals? The Birth, Life, and Slow Death of Freeway Murals in Los Angeles 2016-08-21
_[256] 웹사이트 From Buses to River Walls: Graffiti in 1980's to Early-90's Los Angeles https://www.spraypla[...] 2020-02-18
_[257] 웹사이트 Getting Up, Staying Up: History of Graffiti in the L.A. River https://www.kcet.org[...] 2015-09-17
_[258] 서적 Routledge Handbook of Graffiti and Street Art Taylor & Francis
_[259] 웹사이트 Mission District Gallery's Queer Cholo Mural Defaced Again https://www.kqed.org[...] 2015-06-22
_[260] 웹사이트 Shame As It Ever Was: Twelve years after "Our Lady" controversy, artist Alma López looks back https://www.sfreport[...] 2013-07-02
_[261] 웹사이트 LGBT Latino Artists Threatened After San Francisco's Gay Cholo Chicano Mural Defaced https://www.advocate[...] 2015-06-18
_[262] 웹사이트 Gay cholo mural gets defaced in San Francisco after online threats https://splinternews[...] 2015-06-17
_[263] 웹사이트 All You Need to Know About the "Obscene" Video Censored by San Antonio's Department of Arts and Culture — Including How to Watch It https://www.sacurren[...] 2020-02-22
_[264] 웹사이트 Lowriders, Rap and TikTok: Understanding Chicano Culture in Japan https://www.tokyowee[...] 2022-05-18
_[265] 웹사이트 Loud and proud: Bangkok's Chicano family https://www.dailysab[...] 2022-03-21
_[266] 웹사이트 South American Cho-Low: Documenting Brazil's Lowrider Culture https://www.kcet.org[...] 2014-10-13
_[267] 웹사이트 On the Ground: While no one was looking, East L.A. got transplanted to Brazil — lowriders, taco trucks and all https://www.latimes.[...] 2016-06-25
_[268] Youtube Inside Japan's Chicano Culture https://www.youtube.[...] New York Times 2019-05-05
_[269] 웹사이트 When East Los Meets Tokyo: Chicano Rap and Lowrider Culture in Japan https://ocweekly.com[...] 2019-05-05
_[270] Youtube Why Japanese Women Are Dressing Like Chicanas https://www.youtube.[...] 2019-12-09
_[271] 웹사이트 Japanese Chicano Culture Does Not Amount to Appropriation http://thedailycouga[...] 2017-02-27
_[272] Youtube Chicano, A Film by Louis Ellison and Jacob Hodgkinson https://www.youtube.[...] 2019-05-05
_[273] 웹사이트 Japanese Chicanas! Culture Appropriation or Culture Appreciation? https://www.energy94[...] Energy 94.1 FM 2019-05-05
_[274] 웹사이트 "We're family:' meet Thailand's 'Chicano' community" https://www.taipeiti[...] 2022-03-19
_[275] 웹사이트 Thai Group, The Barbarian, Inspired by Chicano Culture https://www.easterns[...]
_[276] 간행물 Mestiz@ Scripts, Digital Migrations, and the Territories of Writing https://archive.org/[...] Palgrave Macmillan
_[277] 서적 Aztlán: Essays on the Chicano Homeland. Revised and Expanded Edition University of New Mexico Press 2021-04-01
_[278] 문서 「ラ・バンバ」がヒットしたが、事故により若くして死去した。
_[279] 웹사이트 Biography https://www.allmusic[...] AllMusic 2024-06-03
_[280] 문서 1971年に「ブラック・マジック・ウーマン」がヒットしている
_[281] 문서 1974年に「イアーエイク・マイ・アイ」がヒットした
_[282] 문서 「シスコ・キッド」などのヒット曲を持っている
_[283] 웹사이트 Carnales Unidos Car Club – Lowrider Magazine https://www.motortre[...] 2024-06-03
_[284] 문서 1987年に「ラ・バンバ」がヒットした。
_[285] 문서 イントゥルーダーズの曲をカバーした「トゥゲザー」など、スウィート・ソウルのカバーなどで知られている
_[286] 문서 1990年に「ラ・ラーサ」がヒット
_[287] 문서 ベトナム反戦運動の時代に警察に殺害された [[ベトナム戦争#反戦運動