하플로그룹 T (Y-DNA)

3. 분포

하플로그룹 T는 전 세계적으로 낮은 빈도로 발견되지만, 특정 지역에서 상대적으로 높은 빈도를 보인다.

동아프리카에서는 소말리아의 디르족에서 매우 높은 빈도(82.4%~100%)로 발견되며,^[8] 에티오피아, 지부티,^[8][9] 탄자니아 등 동아프리카 지역과 이집트 상류 지역에서도 비교적 높은 빈도로 발견된다.^[3]

중동 및 코카서스 지역에서는 이란, 이라크, 아르메니아, 조지아 등지에서 발견되며, 특히 조로아스터교 신자, 아시리아인, 이라크 유대인에게서 높은 빈도로 나타난다.^[6] 코카서스와 아나톨리아에서는 인구의 최대 4%를 차지하며, 남동 및 북서 코카서스, 남동 및 서 아나톨리아에서 최대 20%까지 나타나며, 사순 출신 아르메니아인에서 최대 20%까지 나타난다.

유럽에서는 남유럽과 인접 지역에서 비교적 높은 빈도로 발견되며, 특히 이탈리아의 시칠리아, 그리스의 크레타 섬 등에서 높은 빈도로 나타난다.^[3] 독일 남부 일부 지역과 러시아 남서부에서도 발견된다.

남아시아에서는 인도 일부 부족에서 매우 높은 빈도로 발견되며, T1a-M70은 인도에서 서유라시아 기원으로 여겨진다.^[218]

중앙아시아와 동아시아에서는 카자흐족, 위구르족, 몽골족 등에게서 발견된다.

3. 1. 아프리카

3. 2. 중동 및 코카서스

코카서스와 아나톨리아에서는 인구의 최대 4%를 차지하며, 남동 및 북서 코카서스, 남동 및 서 아나톨리아에서 최대 20%까지 나타난다. 특히, 사순 출신 아르메니아인에서 최대 20%까지 나타난다. 중동에서는 자그로스 산맥과 페르시아 만, 토러스 산맥과 레반트 분지 주변 인구의 최대 4%를 차지하며, 케르만 출신 조로아스터교 신자, 바크티아리족, 아시리아인 (최대 40%), 아부다비인, 역사적인 남서 아르메니아 출신 아르메니아인 및 갈릴리 출신 드루즈에서 최대 10%까지 나타난다. 동아프리카에서는 상 이집트 인구의 최대 4%를 차지하며, 룩소르에서 최대 10%까지 나타난다.

하플로그룹 T는 전체적으로 낮은 빈도이나 서아시아, 인도, 중앙아시아, 아프리카, 유럽에서 발견된다.

3. 3. 유럽

3. 4. 남아시아

이 외에도 타루족 (모랑구)에서 2.7%(1/37)^[31], 가로족 (탕가일 구)에서 0.8%(1/120)^[224]의 빈도로 발견된다.

T1a-M70은 인도에서 서유라시아 기원으로 여겨진다.^[218]

K-M9+가 있고, 확인되지 않았지만 T-M70일 가능성이 있는 경우는 다음과 같다.

• 쿤나비 56.6%(30/53) 우타라 칸나다^[225]
• 캄마 32.5%(13/40) 안드라프라데시 주^[226]
• 브라만 26.8%(11/41) 비사카파트남^[226]
• 카투나이켄 25%(1/4) 남인도^[227]
• 텔루구 22.4%(11/49) 안드라프라데시 주^[228]
• 안사리 20%(1/5) 남아시아, (2/20) 포로자 안드라프라데시 주^[226]
• 카슈미르 판디트 9.8%(5/51) 카슈미르^[229]
• 구자르 8.2%(4/49) 카슈미르^[229]
• 시디 (에티오피아에서 온 이주민) 7.7%(1/13) 안드라프라데시 주^[226]
• 아디 5.5%(3/55) 인도 북동부^[230]
• 파르단 5.5%(7/128) 아딜라바드^[228]
• 브라만 5.3%(2/38) 비하르^[229]
• 바가타 4.3%(1/23) 안드라프라데시 주^[226]
• 발미키 4.2%(1/24) 안드라프라데시 주^[226]
• 브라만 (1/32) 마하라슈트라^[229]
• 브라만 3.1%(2/64) 구자라트 주^[229]
• 라지푸트 2.9%(1/35) 우타르프라데시 주^[231]
• 브라만 2.3%(1/44) 페루루^[226]
• 망기 1.7%(1/59) 마하라슈트라^[228]

3. 5. 중앙아시아 및 동아시아

중국, 티베트 등지에서도 발견된다. 확인되지는 않았지만, 중국 랴오닝성의 후이족에게서 2%^[251], 사라왁의 비다유에게서 0.9%^[252] 비율로 T-M70+가 나타났을 가능성이 제기된 바 있다.

4. 하위 계통

하플로그룹 T는 크게 T1 (L206)과 T2 (PH110) 두 개의 주요 분기로 나뉜다.^[5] 대부분의 하플로그룹 T 남성은 T1 하위 계통에 속한다.

하위 계통의 상세 구조는 다음과 같다.^[5]

• '''T1''' (L206)
• *'''T1a''' (M70/Page46/PF5662)
• **'''T1a1''' (L162/Page21, L454)

• **'''T1a2''' (L131)

• **'''T1a3''' (FGC1350/Y11151)

• '''T2''' (PH110)

4. 1. T1 (L206)

• '''T1''' (L206)
• *'''T1a''' (M70/Page46/PF5662)
• **'''T1a1''' (L162/Page21, L454)

• **'''T1a2''' (L131)

• **'''T1a3''' (FGC1350/Y11151)

4. 1. 1. T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454)

4. 2. T2 (PH110)

5. 역사적 인물

미국의 제3대 대통령 토머스 제퍼슨은 하플로그룹 T-M184에 속하는 것으로 알려져 있다.^[6] 그의 가장 먼 조상은 1607년 10월 11일 영국 서퍽주 페티스트리에서 태어난 사무엘 제퍼슨이다. 1998년 제퍼슨 남성 혈통의 Y 염색체 DNA 연구 결과, 그의 노예였던 샐리 헤밍스의 막내 아들 에스턴 헤밍스의 후손과 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 제퍼슨이 헤밍스와 38년간 관계를 맺고 그녀의 여섯 자녀를 낳았다는 역사적 증거를 뒷받침한다.^[6]

제퍼슨의 부계 가족은 웨일스로 거슬러 올라가는데, T는 영국 전역에서 1% 미만으로 매우 드물게 나타난다. 제퍼슨 가문의 몇몇 영국 남성에게서도 T 유형이 발견되어, 그의 직계 부계 조상이 영국인일 가능성이 높다. 패밀리 트리 DNA는 제퍼슨 T 부계 혈통이 T-BY78550에 속하며, 이는 중동과 북아프리카 기원일 가능성이 있는 T-PF7444의 하위 분기임을 확인했다. 제노그래픽 프로젝트를 이끈 스펜서 웰스는 그의 기원을 가나안으로 추정한다.

6. 한국인과 관련된 내용

하플로그룹 T는 한국인에게서 매우 드물게 발견된다. 재야 사학자들 사이에서는 부여계 민족이 세운 백제가 하플로그룹 T와 관련이 있을 가능성이 제기되기도 하지만, 이는 공식적으로 확인되지 않은 내용이다.

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_[135] 논문 Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia
_[136] 논문 Y chromosome diversity among the Iranian religious groups: a reservoir of genetic variation
_[137] 논문 The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms
_[138] 논문 A Y-STR database of Iranian and Azerbaijanian minority populations
_[139] 논문 Coevolution of genes and languages and high levels of population structure among the highland populations of Daghestan http://www.escholars[...]
_[140] 논문 Paternal lineage analysis supports an Armenian rather than a Central Asian genetic origin of the Hamshenis https://digitalcommo[...]
_[141] 간행물 Department of Forensic and Investigative Science http://www.yhrd.org/ 2012
_[142] 논문 Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians
_[143] 간행물 Y-chromosome diversity in the Assyrian Christians 2009
_[144] 간행물 Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry 2016
_[145] 논문 The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations
_[146] 논문 Afghan Hindu Kush: where Eurasian sub-continent gene flows converge
_[147] 논문 Y-chromosome and mtDNA genetics reveal significant contrasts in affinities of modern Middle Eastern populations with European and African populations
_[148] 논문 Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations
_[149] 논문 Geographical structure of the Y-chromosomal genetic landscape of the Levant: a coastal-inland contrast
_[150] 논문 Y-chromosome specific YCAII, DYS19 and YAP polymorphisms in human populations: a comparative study
_[151] 논문 High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from Central Asia and West Asia into India
_[152] 논문 Y-chromosomal STRs in two populations from Israel and the Palestinian Authority Area: Christian and Muslim Arabs
_[153] 논문 Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions
_[154] 간행물 Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon 2010
_[155] 논문 Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan
_[156] 간행물 Institut für Rechtsmedizin http://www.yhrd.org Universität Münster
_[157] 논문 Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait
_[158] 논문 Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group
_[159] 논문 Analysis of Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphism in an Iranian Sadat population
_[160] 논문 Y-chromosome variation in Tajiks and Iranians
_[161] 논문 Turkish Cypriot paternal lineages bear an autochthonous character and closest resemblance to those from neighbouring Near Eastern populations
_[162] 논문 Genetic profile of 17 Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in East of Iran
_[163] 논문 Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration
_[164] 논문 The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean
_[165] 논문 Y-chromosome phylogeographic analysis of the Greek-Cypriot population reveals elements consistent with Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements
_[166] 간행물 Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region 2011
_[167] 논문 Genetic structure of the Kuwaiti population revealed by paternal lineages
_[168] 간행물 Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Martin-Luther Universität Haale/Saale http://www.yhrd.org/ 1999
_[169] 논문 Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians
_[170] 논문 Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasus
_[171] 논문 MtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in Kurdish groups
_[172] 논문 Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin
_[173] 간행물 The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity 2001
_[174] 논문 Haplotypes from the Caucasus, Turkey and Iran for nine Y-STR loci
_[175] 논문 Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe 2018-06-26
_[176] 논문 Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia http://discovery.ucl[...]
_[177] 논문 "Tracing Arab-Islamic Inheritance in Madagascar: Study of the Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA in the Antemoro,"
_[178] 논문 YHRD Contribution
_[179] 논문 Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations http://www.sciencedi[...] 2016
_[180] 논문 Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in an Arab population from Somalia
_[181] 논문 Introduction of a single nucleodite polymorphism-based 'Major Y-chromosome haplogroup typing kit' suitable for predicting the geographical origin of male lineages
_[182] 논문 Dissecting the within-Africa ancestry of populations of African descent in the Americas
_[183] 논문 Inferring population structure and demographic history using Y-STR data from worldwide populations
_[184] 논문 Kurdish (Iraq) and Somalian population data for 15 autosomal and 9 Y-chromosomal STR loci
_[185] 논문 Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes
_[186] 논문 A multi-perspective view of genetic variation in Cameroon
_[187] 논문 A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes
_[188] 논문 Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in Somalis
_[189] 논문 High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males
_[190] 논문 A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa
_[191] 논문 Population data of 12 Y-STR loci from a Somali population
_[192] 논문 Diversity of 17-locus Y-STR haplotypes in Upper (Southern) Egyptians
_[193] 논문 Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel
_[194] 논문 History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation
_[195] 논문 Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12
_[196] 논문 Population genetics of 17 Y-STR markers in West Libya (Tripoli region)
_[197] 논문 Haplotypes for 13 Y-chromosomal STR loci in South Tunisian population (Sfax region)
_[198] 논문 Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in an Arab population from Libya
_[199] 문서 Called "Wairak" and misidentified as Bantu in the studies.
_[200] 논문 A study of Y-chromosome microsatellite variation in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparison between F(ST) and R(ST) genetic distances
_[201] 서적 Becoming Eloquent: Advances in the Emergence of Language, Human Cognition, and Modern Cultures John Benjamins
_[202] 간행물 AmpFℓSTR Identifiler STR Allele Frequencies and PowerPlex Y-STR Haplotype Frequencies of the Meru Population of Northern Tanzania University of Nevada
_[203] 논문 Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria
_[204] 논문 Y-chromosome lineages in Cabo Verde Islands witness the diverse geographic origin of its first male settlers
_[205] 논문 Y-STR haplotypes in three ethnic linguistic groups of Angola population
_[206] 논문 Population genetic data for 17 Y STR markers from Benghazi (East Libya) http://eprints.linco[...]
_[207] 논문 Genetic population study of Y-chromosome markers in Benin and Ivory Coast ethnic groups
_[208] 논문 Digging deeper into East African human Y chromosome lineages
_[209] 논문 Y-chromosome analysis in Egypt suggests a genetic regional continuity in Northeastern Africa
_[210] 논문 Palenque de San Basilio in Colombia: genetic data support an oral history of a paternal ancestry in Congo
_[211] 논문 Y chromosome STR haplotypes in four populations from northwest Africa
_[212] 논문 Genetic diversity and haplotype structure of 21 Y-STRs, including nine noncore loci, in South Tunisian Population: Forensic relevance
_[213] 논문 Sousse: extreme genetic heterogeneity in North Africa
_[214] 논문 Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in three ethnic groups and one cosmopolitan population from Tunisia
_[215] 논문 Group membership, geography and shared ancestry: Genetic variation in the Basotho of Lesotho https://ora.ox.ac.uk[...]
_[216] 논문 Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-STR loci (The AmpFlSTR Y-filer) in Casablanca resident population
_[217] 논문 Refining the Y chromosome phylogeny with southern African sequences
_[218] 논문 The paternal ancestry of Uttarakhand does not imitate the classical caste system of India
_[219] 논문 Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture
_[220] 논문 Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations
_[221] 논문 Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists
_[222] 논문 Genetic affinities of the central Indian tribal populations
_[223] 논문 Population differentiation of southern Indian male lineages correlates with agricultural expansions predating the caste system
_[224] 논문 Population genetics of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs loci in Garo and Santal tribal populations in Bangladesh
_[225] 논문 Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in two endogamous tribal populations of Karnataka, India
_[226] 논문 Y-chromosome SNP haplotypes suggest evidence of gene flow among caste, tribe, and the migrant Siddi populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India
_[227] 논문 Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages
_[228] 논문 Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA
_[229] 논문 The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system
_[230] 논문 The northeast Indian passageway: a barrier or corridor for human migrations? 2004-08
_[231] 논문 Ethnic populations of India as seen from an evolutionary perspective
_[232] 간행물 "Первые результаты работы Лаборатории популяционной генетики," "ИНСТИТУТ ОБЩЕЙ ГЕНЕТИКИ И ЦИТОЛОГИИ" http://iggc.kz/wp-co[...] 2021-01-17
_[233] 논문 A human genome diversity cell line panel
_[234] 논문 Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians
_[235] 논문 Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times
_[236] 논문 Mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome suggest the settlement of Madagascar by Indonesian sea nomad populations
_[237] 논문 Genetic evidence of paleolithic colonization and neolithic expansion of modern humans on the tibetan plateau
_[238] 논문 The northeast Indian passageway: a barrier or corridor for human migrations?
_[239] 논문 Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events
_[240] 논문 Genetic evidence of a recent Tibetan ancestry to Sherpas in the Himalayan region
_[241] 논문 Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success: young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations
_[242] 논문 Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route
_[243] 간행물 The relation between the Y-chromosomal variation and the clan structure: the gene pool of the steppe aristocracy and the steppe clergy of the Kazakhs
_[244] 논문 Haplotype analysis of the polymorphic 40 Y-STR markers in Chinese populations
_[245] 논문 Y-chromosomal STR analysis in the Pashtun population of Southern Afghanistan
_[246] 논문 A comprehensive Y-STR portrait of Yousafzai's population
_[247] 서적 Polymorphisms of Y-STRs in Uygur and Kazak Ethnic in Xinjiang http://www.dissertat[...] Xinjiang Medical University
_[248] 논문 Genetic analysis of 17 Y-STR loci in Han and Korean populations from Jilin Province, Northeast China
_[249] 논문 Population genetics of 23 Y-STR loci in the Mongolian minority population in Inner Mongolia of China
_[250] 논문 Genetic polymorphism of 11 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Yunnan Han Chinese
_[251] 논문 Y-chromosomal STRs haplotypes in Chinese Hui ethnic group samples
_[252] 논문 Haplotype diversity of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs in three native Sarawak populations (Iban, Bidayuh and Melanau) in East Malaysia
_[253] 논문 The genetic male legacy from El Salvador
_[254] 논문 Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs included in AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR Amplification Kit in a multi ethnical population from El Beni Department (North Bolivia)
_[255] 논문 Genetic make up and structure of Colombian populations by means of uniparental and biparental DNA markers
_[256] 논문 CoanCestría de apellidos y linajes del. Cromosoma y en el noroeste de Colombia: una herramienta útil para establecer migración entre poblaciones
_[257] 논문 A comprehensive Y-STR portrait of Argentinean populations
_[258] 논문 Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in three different population groups from Ecuador (South America)
_[259] 논문 Between Andes and Amazon: the genetic profile of the Arawak-speaking Yanesha
_[260] 간행물 Caracterización de la población humana de los departamentos de Tolima y Huila. Perspectivas: demográficas, genéticas y socioculturales http://bdigital.unal[...] Universidad Nacional de Colombia 2019-04-18
_[261] 논문 Paternal lineages signal distinct genetic contributions from British Loyalists and continental Africans among different Bahamian islands
_[262] 논문 Comparison of Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies in eight Provinces of Argentina
_[263] 논문 Male lineages in South American native groups: evidence of M19 traveling south
_[264] 논문 Y chromosome microsatellite genetic variation in two Native American populations from Argentina: population stratification and mutation data
_[265] 논문 Exploring the Y Chromosomal Ancestry of Modern Panamanians
_[266] 간행물 Grupo BIOMICs / BIOMICs Research Group "http://www.yhrd.org[...]
_[267] 논문 Y-chromosome lineages in native South American population
_[268] 논문 Strong Amerind/white sex bias and a possible Sephardic contribution among the founders of a population in northwest Colombia
_[269] 논문 Inferring continental ancestry of argentineans from Autosomal, Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA
_[270] 논문 Distribution of Y chromosomal STRs loci in Mayan and Mestizo populations from Guatemala
_[271] 논문 Analysis of Y-chromosome STRs in Chile confirms an extensive introgression of European male lineages in urban populations
_[272] 논문 Male-specific contributions to the Brazilian population of Espirito Santo
_[273] 논문 Population data for 15 Y-chromosome STRs in a population sample from Quito (Ecuador)
_[274] 논문 MtDNA and Y-chromosomal diversity in the Chachapoya, a population from the northeast Peruvian Andes-Amazon divide
_[275] 논문 Reconstructing the population history of Nicaragua by means of mtDNA, Y-chromosome STRs, and autosomal STR markers
_[276] 논문 Admixture and Genetic Diversity Distribution Patterns of Non-Recombining Lineages of Native American Ancestry in Colombian Populations
_[277] 논문 mtDNA and Y-chromosome diversity in Aymaras and Quechuas from Bolivia: different stories and special genetic traits of the Andean Altiplano populations
_[278] 논문 Genetic Analysis of 17 Y-STRs in a Mestizo Population from the Central Valley of Mexico
_[279] 논문 Colombia's racial crucible: Y chromosome evidence from six admixed communities in the Department of Bolivar
_[280] 논문 Population data for 12 Y-chromosome STR loci in a sample from El Salvador
_[281] 논문 Y-chromosomal diversity in Haiti and Jamaica: contrasting levels of sex-biased gene flow
_[282] 논문 Y chromosome STR haplotypes in the Caribbean city of Cartagena (Colombia)
_[283] 논문 Haplotype data for 12 Y-chromosome STR loci from Costa Rica
_[284] 논문 Y-chromosomal STR haplotype diversity in males from Santa Catarina, Brazil
_[285] 논문 Mitochondrial and Y chromosome diversity in the English-speaking Caribbean
_[286] 논문 Population data for 12 Y-chromosome STR loci in a sample from Honduras
_[287] 논문 Haplotype diversity of 17 Y-str loci in an admixed population from the Brazilian Amazon
_[288] 논문 Allele frequencies for 15 autosomal STR loci and haplotype data for 17 Y-STR loci in a population from Belize
_[289] 논문 Male-specific contributions to the Brazilian population of Espirito Santo
_[290] 뉴스 DNA STUDY IN ISRAELI CAVE SHEDS LIGHT ON ORIGINS OF CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE https://www.jpost.co[...]
_[291] 뉴스 Anomalous blue-eyed people came to Israel 6,500 years ago from Iran, DNA shows https://www.timesofi[...]
_[292] 웹사이트 T-L162 YTree https://yfull.com/tr[...]
_[293] 논문 Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus
_[294] 웹사이트 T-CTS11451 YTree https://www.yfull.co[...]
_[295] 논문 Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny
_[296] 논문 Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners
_[297] 논문 Thomas Jefferson's Y chromosome belongs to a rare European lineage 2007-04-01
_[298] 논문 Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome
_[299] 웹사이트 "Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015" http://www.isogg.org[...] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015) 2015-02-01
_[300] 문서 Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
_[301] 문서 Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
_[302] 문서 F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
_[303] 문서 Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
_[304] 문서 Between 2002 and 2008, [[Haplogroup T-M184]] was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to [[Haplogroup K2|K-M526]], the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
_[305] 문서 Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
_[306] 문서 Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
_[307] 문서 Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
_[308] 웹사이트 K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik ''op. cit.''; https://www.yfull.co[...] 2017
_[309] 문서 Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
_[310] 문서 Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
_[311] 논문 Increased Resolution of Y Chromosome Haplogroup T Defines Relationships among Populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa
_[312] 간행물 Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia UCL Discovery
_[313] 간행물 Tracing Arab-Islamic Inheritance in Madagascar: Study of the Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA in the Antemoro PLOS ONE
_[314] 논문 A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes
_[315] 간행물 Paternal Lineage Analysis Supports an Armenian Rather Than a Central Asian Genetic Origin of the Hamshenis
_[316] 논문 Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians 2012
_[317] 논문 Y-chromosome genetic structure in sub-Apennine populations of Central Italy by SNP and STR analysis 2007
_[318] 논문 Genetic population study of 11 Y chromosome STR loci in Greece 2013
_[319] 논문 Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome 2009
_[320] 논문 Haplotype diversity in mtDNA and Y-chromosome in populations of Altai-Sayan region 2012
_[321] 웹인용 T YTree https://www.yfull.co[...]
_[322] 저널 Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia http://discovery.ucl[...] 2011