세계의 역사

3. 고대

3. 1. 문명의 요람

3. 1. 1. 메소포타미아

3. 1. 2. 이집트

3. 1. 3. 인더스

3. 1. 4. 황허

3. 2. 근동 (오리엔트)의 발전

3. 3. 축의 시대

• 유럽에서는 스키타이 문명, 할슈타트 문화, 루사티아 문화 등이 있었다.
• 지중해 세계에서는 고대 그리스에서 그리스 철학이 등장했고, 알렉산드로스 3세의 동정이 있었다. 팔레스타인에서는 유대교가 성립되었고, 이집트에는 프톨레마이오스 왕조가 있었다.
• 서아시아에서는 조로아스터교가 성립되었고, 아케메네스 제국, 셀레우코스 제국 등이 있었다.
• 중앙아시아에는 그레코-박트리아 왕국이 있었다.
• 남아시아에서는 16대국이 있었고, 불교와 자이나교가 성립되었으며, 마우리아 제국이 있었다.
• 동남아시아에는 동선 문화, 사핀 문화가 있었다.
• 동아시아에서는 춘추 시대, 전국 시대를 거쳐 유교가 성립되었고, 진나라가 중국을 통일했다. 일본에서는 조몬 시대 말기에서 야요이 시대로 넘어갔다.
• 아메리카에서는 북아메리카에서 아데나 문화가 번영했고, 멕시코만 연안에서는 선고전기 마야 문명과 엘 미라도르가 번영했으며, 안데스 고지에서는 차빈 데 완타르가 건설되었다.
• 중남아프리카에서는 나이지리아에 노크 문화가 출현했다.

3. 3. 1. 유럽과 서아시아

3. 3. 2. 남아시아

3. 3. 3. 동북아시아

3. 3. 4. 동남아시아와 오스트로네시아

3. 3. 5. 이집트 이외의 아프리카

3. 3. 6. 아메리카

3. 4. 고대 시대의 종말

4. 중세

11세기 초, 셀주크 튀르크가 아바스 칼리파의 비호 아래 중동 대부분을 장악하였다. 1071년 만지케르트 전투에서 동로마 황제 로마노스 4세가 셀주크 군대에 대패하고 포로로 사로잡히면서, 셀주크인들은 소아시아를 장악하고 룸 술탄국을 세워 동방 기독교 세계를 위협했다. 콤니노스 왕조 아래 동로마 제국은 피해를 일부 복구했지만, 소아시아를 완전히 되찾지는 못했다. 한편 셀주크 튀르크는 예루살렘을 두고 파티마 왕조와 갈등을 빚었으며,^[1111] 발칸 반도에서는 불가리아가 재건되어 동로마 제국에 반항했다.^[1112]

4. 1. 주요 사건

이 시대의 특징은 각 지역 문명들이 세계의 새로운 지역으로 확장되고, 이들 간의 무역이 더욱 활발해졌으며 주요 종교들이 급속히 확산되었다는 것이다.^[936] 서아시아에는 이슬람 발흥과 함께 신정 체제를 기반으로 한 새로운 종교제국이 세워졌고, 엄청난 번영을 누리게 되었다. 동아시아에서는 중국의 황제 체제가 일본, 한국, 베트남과 같은 주변 지역에 큰 영향을 미쳤으며, 불교나 성리학과 같은 종교·학문들이 같이 확산되었다. 화약, 화기, 인쇄술 역시 이 무렵 중국에서 처음 발명되었다.^[937][938] 10세기부터 13세기까지 온난기로 인해 식량 생산량과 유라시아의 인구가 급증하였다.^[939] 그러나 13세기 중반부터 기온이 다시 낮아졌고 파괴적인 전염병이 퍼지면서 유라시아 대부분이 초토화되었다.^[939] 몽골 제국은 유럽과 아시아를 연결하여 두 지역 사이에 전례없는 대여행의 시대를 열었다. 유스티니아누스 역병, 몽골 침공과 학살, 중세 흑사병 등의 위기가 있었으나, 이 기간 동안 인구는 꾸준하게 증가하였다. 500년경 약 2억 1천만 명이었던 세계 인구는 1,500년경 약 4억 6천 1백만 명으로 2배 이상 증가하였다.^[940]

4. 1. 1. 보편 종교의 확산

4. 1. 2. 무역, 교류 그리고 소통

4. 1. 3. 전염병과 질병

4. 1. 4. 과학

4. 2. 아프리카

• 아프리카의 뿔과 그 일대의 기독교 문명권
• 나이저 강과 스와힐리 해안 일대의 이슬람 문명
• 아프리카 토착 원주민 종교를 고수한 전통 사회

4. 3. 유럽

4. 3. 1. 새로운 시대가 열리다

4. 3. 2. 동로마의 존속

4. 3. 3. 서유럽 사회의 형성

4. 3. 4. 프랑크와 앵글로색슨

4. 3. 5. 새로운 왕국들의 등장과 동로마 르네상스

4. 3. 6. 주요 국가들의 성장과 체제 확립

4. 3. 7. 십자군

4. 3. 8. 기근과 전염병

4. 3. 9. 재건의 움직임

4. 3. 10. 동로마 제국의 쇠락과 멸망

4. 4. 서아시아와 중앙아시아

4. 4. 1. 이슬람 세계의 분열

5. 근대

근대라는 시대 구분은 여러 의미를 담고 있다. 서양에서는 17세기 이후 구체제가 무너지고 산업혁명을 거치면서 민족주의, 자본주의, 제국주의 등이 형성되는 흐름을 보인다.^[1157] 또한 시민사회가 형성되고 민주주의가 발전하는 것도 근대의 특징으로 꼽힌다.^[1157] 그러나 '근대'라는 용어를 제국주의에 의해 식민지가 된 제3세계에 그대로 적용하는 것은, 경제 발전과 민주주의를 분리하여 경제 성장을 우선시하는 몰역사적인 근대 인식을 낳을 수 있다는 비판도 있다.^[1158] 이에 따라 식민지도 세계사적 흐름 속에서 이해해야 한다는 시각이 존재한다.^[1159]

이 시기에 유럽 강대국들과 식민지들은 나머지 세계를 정치, 경제, 문화적으로 식민지화하는 경향을 강화시켰다. 또한 현재와 같은 생활 방식을 만들고 전 세계 사람들의 삶을 바꾸었다.^[1160][1161] 19세기와 20세기 초, 모더니즘이 서유럽과 북미를 넘어 전 세계를 휩쓸었고, 일부 지역에서는 서구에 반대하는 운동이 나타났다. 개인주의, 자본주의, 도시화, 기술 및 정치적 진보의 가능성에 대한 믿음이 발전하기도 했다. 하지만 급격한 변화와 Detraditionalization|전통적인 종교 및 윤리의 쇠퇴^영어는 유례없는 전쟁을 일으켰고 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism#Criticism_of_late_modernity|많은 반대^영어를 불러왔다. 낙천주의와 끊임없는 진전에 대한 믿음은 포스트모더니즘에 의해 비판받았고, 서유럽과 북미를 제외한 지역에서는 탈식민지론이 등장했다.

미국 독립, 프랑스 혁명과 나폴레옹의 프랑스 제1 공화정, 프랑스 제1 제정, 이후 빈 회의, 프랑스의 부르봉 왕정 복고, 프랑스 제2 공화정, 프랑스 제2 제정, 프랑스 제3 공화국, 독일 및 이탈리아의 통일, 미국의 남북 전쟁, 산업 혁명 등이 일어났다.

제국주의로 열강은 세계 각지에 식민지를 형성했다. 평등 사상인 사회주의가 대두되었다.

5. 1. 근대 초기의 유럽

5. 1. 1. 고전 문화의 부흥

5. 1. 2. 종교 개혁의 물결

5. 1. 3. 합스부르크 패권

5. 2. 현대

5. 2. 1. 냉전

• 군사동맹: 북대서양 조약 기구와 바르샤바 조약 기구
• 대리전: 한국 전쟁, 베트남 전쟁
• 데탕트
• 소련의 붕괴
• 독일의 통일

5. 2. 2. 21세기

• 신자유주의
• 이라크 전쟁
• 9·11 테러
• 재스민 혁명
• 동일본 대지진과 후쿠시마 제1원자력 발전소 사고
• 베네수엘라 위기
• 헝가-통가 해저 화산 폭발

참조

_[1] 논문 Human beings evolved over several million years from primates in Africa.
_[1] 논문 But it turned out that humans and chimps differed from each other only by about 10 percent as much as the differences between major groups of mammals, which suggested that they had diverged from each other approximately 5 to 7 million years ago.
_[1] 논문 Conventionally, taxonomists now refer to the great ape family (including humans) as hominids, while all members of the lineage leading to modern humans that arose after the split with the (Homo-Pan) LCA are referred to as hominins. The older literature used the terms hominoids and hominids respectively.
_[1] 논문 https://books.google[...]
_[2] 논문 What has come to define our lineage – bipedalism – was adopted early on after we parted company with the chimpanzees, presumably in order to facilitate travel on the ground in more open habitats where large forest trees were less common....The australopithecines did not differ from the modern chimpanzees in terms of brain size.
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_[6] 논문 The Paleolithic era encompasses the bulk of the human archaeological record. Its onset is defined by the oldest known stone tools, now dated to 3.3 Ma, found at the Lomekwi site in Kenya. https://onlinelibrar[...]
_[7] 논문 However, Homo is almost certainly descended from an australopith ancestor, so at least one or some australopiths belong directly to the human lineage.
_[8] 논문
_[9] 논문 The latter is morphologically more derived than OH 7 but 500,000 years older, suggesting that the H. habilis lineage originated before 2.3 million years ago, thus marking deep-rooted species diversity in the genus Homo. https://www.research[...]
_[10] 논문 What most distinguished Homo habilis from the australopithecines was a brain that was nearly 50 percent larger.
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_[12] 논문 Fourth, and most importantly, the oldest artefact age of approximately 2.12 Ma at Shangchen implies that hominins had left Africa before the date suggested by the earliest evidence from Dmanisi (about 1.85 Ma). This makes it necessary to reconsider the timing of initial dispersal of early hominins in the Old World.
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_[211] 논문
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_[216] 논문
_[217] 논문 https://books.google[...]
_[218] 논문 https://books.google[...]
_[219] 논문
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_[222] 논문 https://books.google[...]
_[223] 논문
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_[225] 논문
_[226] 논문
_[227] 논문
_[228] 논문 https://archive.org/[...]
_[229] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 3 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO
_[230] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 3 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO
_[231] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 3 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO
_[232] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 4 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO
_[233] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 4 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO
_[234] 논문 https://archive.org/[...]
_[235] 논문
_[236] 논문
_[237] 논문
_[238] 논문 https://archive.org/[...]
_[239] 논문
_[240] 논문
_[241] 논문
_[242] 논문 https://books.google[...]
_[243] 논문
_[244] 논문
_[245] 논문
_[246] 논문 He maintained jurisdiction principally in Central Asia and Iran.
_[247] 논문 Despite the political infighting and progressively unstable political situation, Shah Rukh in Herat and Ulugh Beg in Samarkand fostered a cultural and artistic renaissance in the Timurid domains.
_[248] 논문 "...that certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo–Christianity, Catholic and Protestant." , "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization."
_[249] 논문
_[250] 논문
_[251] 논문
_[252] 논문
_[253] 논문 The Carolingian Conquests
_[254] 논문
_[255] 논문
_[256] 논문
_[257] 논문
_[258] 논문
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_[268] 논문
_[269] 논문
_[270] 논문 Then, in the 1340s, Mongol armies attacked the Black Sea port of Caffa in the Crimean region, and from that point on the infection spread into the Mediterranean, and then north into Europe, reaching Scandinavia within two years, and east and south into the Muslim societies of the eastern Mediterranean and North Africa.
_[271] 논문
_[272] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 3 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1988
_[273] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 4 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1984
_[274] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 3 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1988
_[275] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 4 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1984
_[276] 서적 The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 3: From c.1050 to c.1600 https://www.cambridg[...] Cambridge University Press 2024-09-03
_[277] 서적 The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 3: From c.1050 to c.1600 https://www.cambridg[...] Cambridge University Press 2024-09-03
_[278] 백과사전 The Encyclopedia of Empire https://onlinelibrar[...] Wiley 2016-01-11
_[279] 백과사전 The Empire of Ghana https://oxfordre.com[...] 2024-10-06
_[280] 서적 The Encyclopedia of Empire https://onlinelibrar[...] Wiley 2016-01-11
_[281] 논문 The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. I. The External Arabic Sources https://www.cambridg[...]
_[282] 논문 Reconceptualizing Early Ghana https://www.jstor.or[...] Taylor and Francis
_[283] 서적 General History of Africa https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1984
_[284] 서적 The Encyclopedia of Empire https://onlinelibrar[...] Wiley 2016-01-11
_[285] 서적 The Encyclopedia of Empire https://onlinelibrar[...] Wiley 2016-01-11
_[286] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 4 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1984
_[287] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 4 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1984
_[288] 서적 A History of the Yoruba People https://books.google[...] Amalion 2010-01-01
_[289] 서적 An Igbo Civilization: Nri Kingdom and Hegemony https://archive.org/[...] 1980
_[290] 서적 The Encyclopedia of Empire https://onlinelibrar[...] Wiley 2016-01-11
_[291] 웹사이트 Dagbon History: Kings, Towns, and Cultural Legacy https://dagbonkingdo[...] 2024-10-06
_[292] 백과사전 Early Asante, Akan, and Mossi States https://oxfordre.com[...] 2024-07-17
_[293] 서적 A History of West Central Africa to 1850 https://www.cambridg[...] Cambridge University Press 2020
_[294] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 4 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1984
_[295] 서적 The Kitara Complex: The Historical Tradition of Western Uganda to the 16th Century https://books.google[...] Indiana University 1974
_[296] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 3 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1988
_[297] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 4 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1984
_[298] 서적 Madagascar: A short history University of Chicago Press
_[299] 논문 Mapela, Mapungubwe and the Origins of States in Southern Africa https://www.jstor.or[...] 2015
_[300] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 4 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1984
_[301] 참고문헌
_[302] 참고문헌
_[303] 참고문헌
_[304] 참고문헌
_[305] 참고문헌
_[306] 참고문헌
_[307] 참고문헌
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_[311] 참고문헌
_[312] 참고문헌
_[313] 참고문헌
_[314] 참고문헌
_[315] 참고문헌
_[316] 서적 https://books.google[...]
_[317] 서적
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_[342] 서적 https://www.doabooks[...]
_[343] 서적
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_[345] 서적 https://archive.org/[...]
_[346] 서적
_[347] 서적 http://archive.org/d[...]
_[348] 서적 http://archive.org/d[...]
_[349] 서적 https://books.google[...]
_[350] 서적
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_[375] 서적 https://books.google[...]
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_[386] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1992
_[387] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1992
_[388] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1992
_[389] harvnb 2015
_[390] harvnb 2015
_[391] harvnb https://books.google[...] 2005
_[392] harvnb 2015
_[393] harvnb 2015
_[394] harvnb 2015
_[395] harvnb 2014
_[396] harvnb 2013, 2015
_[397] harvnb 2015, 2023
_[398] harvnb https://books.google[...] 2011
_[399] harvnb 2009
_[400] harvnb https://books.google[...] 2009, 2015, 2016
_[401] harvnb 2015
_[402] harvnb 2015
_[403] harvnb https://books.google[...] 2015, 2005
_[404] harvnb 2015
_[405] harvnb 2015
_[406] harvnb 2010, 2008, 2015
_[407] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1992
_[408] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 6 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1989
_[409] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1992
_[410] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 6 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1989
_[411] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 6 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1989
_[412] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 6 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1989
_[413] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 6 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1989
_[414] harvnb 2015
_[415] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1992
_[416] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1992
_[417] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 6 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1989
_[418] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1992
_[419] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1992
_[420] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1992
_[421] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 6 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO Publishing 1989
_[422] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO Publishing 1992
_[423] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO Publishing 1992
_[424] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 6 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1989
_[425] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 5 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1992
_[426] 서적 General History of Africa: Volume 6 https://unesdoc.unes[...] UNESCO 1992
_[427] 서적 https://books.google[...] 2010
_[428] 서적 2001
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_[443] 서적 http://archive.org/d[...] 2013
_[444] 서적 1949
_[445] 서적 https://books.google[...] 2012
_[446] 서적 https://books.google[...] 2012
_[447] 서적
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_[454] 서적
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_[456] 서적 https://books.google[...] 2002
_[457] 서적 The peace agreement forced France to yield Canada to the English and cede Louisiana to Spain. 2015
_[458] 서적 2010
_[459] 서적 2010
_[460] 서적 https://books.google[...] 2008
_[461] 서적 https://books.google[...] 2023
_[462] 서적 https://books.google[...] 2008
_[463] 서적 Manchester's rise as a large, industrial city was a result of what historians call the Industrial Revolution, the most profound transformation in human life since the beginnings of agriculture. 2015
_[464] 서적 2015
_[465] 서적 2015
_[466] 서적 Studying Globalization: Methodological Issues 2008
_[467] 서적 2002
_[468] 서적 2015
_[469] 서적 The first countries to industrialize grew rich and powerful, facilitating a second great wave of European imperialism in the 19th century. 2015
_[470] 서적 2015
_[471] 서적 2015
_[472] 서적 2015
_[473] 서적 https://books.google[...] 2017
_[474] 서적 2015
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_[477] 서적 2015
_[478] 서적 2010
_[479] 서적 https://books.google[...] 1991
_[480] 서적 2010
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_[482] 서적 2021
_[483] 서적 2011
_[484] 서적 2015
_[485] 서적 2015
_[486] 서적 https://books.google[...] 2015
_[487] 서적 2015
_[488] 서적 https://archive.org/[...] 1969
_[489] 서적 2015
_[490] 서적 2015
_[491] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2008
_[492] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2015
_[493] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2015
_[494] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2015
_[495] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2015, 1997, 2008, 2010, 2024
_[496] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2021
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_[506] 서적 Unknown Unknown 1986
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_[514] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2004
_[515] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2015
_[516] 서적 Unknown Unknown 1969
_[517] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2024
_[518] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2008
_[519] 서적 Unknown Unknown 1987
_[520] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2015
_[521] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2018
_[522] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2015
_[523] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2018, 2020
_[524] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2015
_[525] 서적 Unknown Unknown 2011
_[526] 논문 https://www.tandfonl[...]
_[527] 서적 https://books.google[...]
_[528] 논문
_[529] 논문
_[530] 서적 https://books.google[...]
_[531] 논문
_[532] 논문
_[533] 서적 https://archive.org/[...]
_[534] 논문
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_[543] 서적 https://books.google[...]
_[544] 논문
_[545] 서적 https://books.google[...]
_[546] 서적 https://books.google[...]
_[547] 논문
_[548] 논문
_[549] 서적 https://books.google[...]
_[550] 서적 https://books.google[...]
_[551] 논문
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_[554] 서적 https://archive.org/[...]
_[555] 논문
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_[557] 논문
_[558] 서적 https://books.google[...]
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_[560] 논문
_[561] 논문 https://archive.org/[...] 2007
_[562] 논문 "" 2015a
_[563] 뉴스 The Economist 2023
_[564] 논문 https://books.google[...] 2017
_[565] 논문 2022
_[566] 논문 2022
_[567] 논문 2022
_[568] 논문 2005
_[569] 논문 2015a
_[570] 논문 2015a
_[571] 논문 2013
_[572] 논문 2015a
_[573] 논문 2015a
_[574] 논문 2015a
_[575] 논문 2013
_[576] 논문 2013
_[577] 논문 https://books.google[...] 2017
_[578] 논문 2013
_[579] 웹사이트 ネアンデルタール人と現生人類との交雑は、数十万年前から起きていた：研究結果 https://wired.jp/202[...] WIRED 2020-12-03
_[580] 웹사이트 DNA人類進化学〜4.現代人の起源／遺伝学電子博物館 https://www.nig.ac.j[...]
_[581] 서적 新日本人の起源 勉誠出版 2009
_[582] 서적 DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す　新・日本列島史 勉誠出版 2009
_[583] 뉴스 最古の巨石遺跡の謎　トルコ https://www.nhk.jp/p[...] NHK 新感覚ドキュメンタリー FRONTIERS
_[584] 웹사이트 Regional Lifeways and Cultural Remains in the Northern Corridor: Chifeng International Collaborative Archaeological Research Project. http://www.pitt.edu/[...] University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
_[585] 서적 A Short History Of The World Penguin Books 2000
_[586] 서적 청소년을 위한 이야기 세계사 웅진닷컴
_[587] 서적 표준국어사전 국립국어원
_[588] 논문 1988
_[589] 논문 2015a
_[590] 논문 2011
_[591] 논문 2016
_[592] 논문 https://books.google[...] 2016
_[593] 서적 아틀라스 세계사 2004
_[594] 논문 2016
_[595] 논문 https://books.google[...] 2017
_[596] 논문 https://academiccomm[...]
_[597] 논문
_[598] 논문 https://paleoanthro.[...]
_[599] 논문
_[600] 논문 https://onlinelibrar[...]
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_[603] 논문 https://www.research[...]
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_[617] 서적 https://books.google[...]
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_[627] 서적 https://books.google[...]
_[628] 논문
_[629] 논문 https://www.scienced[...]
_[630] 논문
_[631] 논문 https://www.nature.c[...]
_[632] 논문 https://www.scienced[...]
_[633] 논문
_[634] 논문
_[635] 논문
_[636] 논문
_[637] 서적 고고학자와 함께하는 이집트 역사기행 서해문집
_[638] 논문
_[639] 논문
_[640] 논문 https://www.science.[...]
_[641] 논문
_[642] 논문 https://books.google[...]
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_[645] 논문
_[646] 논문
_[647] 논문 Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies
_[648] 논문 Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea
_[649] 잡지 Humans feasting on grains for at least 100,000 years http://blogs.scienti[...] 2009-12-17
_[650] 논문 The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming
_[651] 웹사이트 First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation https://www.scienced[...] 2022-04-23
_[652] 논문 Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China
_[653] 서적 Sheep and Goat Science https://archive.org/[...] Interstate Printers and Publishers
_[654] 논문 Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication
_[655] 논문 Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe
_[656] 논문
_[657] 논문
_[658] 논문 New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events
_[659] 논문
_[660] 논문
_[661] 논문
_[662] 서적
_[663] 논문
_[664] 논문 https://books.google[...]
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_[669] 논문 https://books.google[...]
_[670] 논문 https://books.google[...]
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_[674] 논문
_[675] 논문 https://books.google[...]
_[676] 논문
_[677] 서적
_[678] 웹사이트 The Sun God and the Wind Deity at Kizil http://www.transoxia[...]
_[679] 서적 다시 찾는 우리 역사 경세원
_[680] 웹사이트 Some Critiques of the Feminist/New Age "Goddess" Claims http://www.debunker.[...]
_[681] 논문 http://discovery.ucl[...]
_[682] 논문
_[683] 논문 https://books.google[...]
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_[701] harvnb
_[702] harvnb
_[703] harvnb
_[704] harvnb
_[705] harvnb
_[706] harvnb
_[707] harvnb https://archive.org/[...]
_[708] harvnb https://books.google[...]
_[709] harvnb https://books.google[...]
_[710] harvnb
_[711] harvnb
_[712] harvnb
_[713] harvnb https://books.google[...]
_[714] harvnb
_[715] harvnb
_[716] 서적 요요 마의 실크로드 시공사
_[717] harvnb http://archive.org/d[...]
_[718] harvnb
_[719] 서적 같은 책
_[720] harvnb
_[721] harvnb https://books.google[...]
_[722] harvnb
_[723] harvnb
_[724] harvnb
_[725] harvnb
_[726] harvnb
_[727] harvnb
_[728] harvnb
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_[732] harvnb https://archive.org/[...]
_[733] harvnb
_[734] harvnb
_[735] harvnb
_[736] 논문
_[737] 논문
_[738] 논문 https://books.google[...]
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_[743] 웹인용 Ubaid Civilization http://ancientnearea[...] Ancientneareast.tripod.com 2009-04-18
_[744] 서적 Concluding Remarks Museum Tusculanum Press
_[745] 서적 Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East http://oi.uchicago.e[...] The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago
_[746] 서적 Ancient Mesopotamia: The Eden that Never Was https://archive.org/[...] Cambridge University Press
_[747] 서적 Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times https://archive.org/[...] University Press 1992
_[748] 저널 The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form
_[749] 저널 Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model
_[750] 웹인용 Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004 https://web.archive.[...] Mbe.oxfordjournals.org 2012-05-01
_[751] 저널 Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area, 2004 2004-05
_[752] 저널 Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool http://www.pubmedcen[...] 2012-05-01
_[753] 저널 Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene 1998-07-21
_[754] 서적 Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming Cambridge University Press 1986
_[755] 서적 First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies Blackwell
_[756] 저널 Physical Anthropology in Czechoslovakia: Recent Developments https://archive.org/[...] 1961
_[757] 저널 On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)
_[758] 서적 Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City Penguin
_[759] 서적 Deconstructing the Ubaid The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago
_[760] 서적 고대 근동 문학 선집 2010
_[761] 서적 Sumer and the Sumerians Cambridge University Press
_[762] 서적 An Encyclopedia of World History Houghton Mifflin Company
_[763] 서적 The Sumerian King List Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; Assyriological Studies, No. 11.
_[764] 논문
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_[766] 서적 Early Mesopotamia. Society and Economy at the Dawn of History https://archive.org/[...] Routledge
_[767] 서적 A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323 BC Blackwell
_[768] 서적 The Harps that Once...; Sumerian Poetry in Translation and Treasures of Darkness: a history of Mesopotamian Religion
_[769] 서적
_[770] 서적 Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective — Volume 1 https://archive.org/[...] Thomson Wadsworth
_[771] 서적 The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State Cambridge University Press 1999-07-29
_[772] 서적 Elam: surveys of political history and archaeology University of California Press 1984
_[773] 서적 Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics https://books.google[...] Mouton de Gruyter 2020-11-10
_[774] 서적 The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet https://books.google[...] Blackwell 2008
_[775] 서적 Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation https://books.google[...] Oxford University Press US 2020-08-27
_[776] 웹인용 Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian https://web.archive.[...] 2016-07-12
_[777] 간행물 Atlas of Preclassical Upper Mesopotamia
_[778] 서적 The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character https://books.google[...] University of Chicago Press 2020-11-10
_[779] 서적 Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 2, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, c. 1380–1000 BCE Cambridge University Press 1975
_[780] 서적 The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation Blackwell Publishing 2006
_[781] 서적 First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies Wiley-Blackwell 2004
_[782] 간행물 Ecological and Cultural Relevance of the Recent New Radiocabon dates from Libyan Sahara Poznan Archaeological Museum 1984
_[783] 저널 Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter III. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Communities of Northern Egypt 1964-10
_[784] 서적 People, Water and Grain: The Beginnings of Domestication in the Sahara and the Nile Valley L' Erma di Bretschneider 1998
_[785] 서적 New Light on the Most Ancient Near East Praeger Publications 1953
_[786] 서적 Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology http://www.digitaleg[...] Cambridge 2000
_[787] 서적 The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics Hodder and Stoughton 2001
_[788] 서적 The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt https://archive.org/[...] Oxford University Press 2000
_[789] 서적 Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times University Press 1992
_[790] 서적 Egypt of the Pharaohs: An Introduction Oxford University Press 1964
_[791] 서적 The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics Hodder and Stoughton 2001
_[792] 서적 Children of Noah: Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times Princeton Uni Press 1998
_[793] 서적 The World of Ancient Times Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing 1966
_[794] 서적 The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt Oxford University Press 2003
_[795] 웹인용 Early Dynastic Egypt http://www.digitaleg[...] Digital Egypt for Universities, University College London 2008-03-09
_[796] 문서 p. 40 2005
_[797] 웹인용 The Fall of the Old Kingdom https://www.bbc.co.u[...] British Broadcasting Corporation 2008-03-10
_[798] 서적 Chronicle of the Pharaohs Thames and Hudson 1994
_[799] 뉴스 Haryana's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site, Rakhigarhi Asia's largest: ASI http://timesofindia.[...] 2015-04-15
_[800] 저널 Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis http://www.homepages[...] 2006
_[801] 간행물 Second Preliminary Report of the excavations at Lahuradewa, District Sant Kabir Nagar, UP 2002-2003-2004 & 2005–06 http://www.uparchaeo[...]
_[802] 웹사이트 Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh https://whc.unesco.o[...] UNESCO World Heritage 2004
_[803] 서적 The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilisation Oxford University Press 2015
_[804] 서적 Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China https://books.google[...] Routledge 2003
_[805] 서적 Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations https://books.google[...] Infobase Publishing 2009-01-01
_[806] 서적 History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C. https://books.google[...] UNESCO
_[807] 저널 Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal https://www.ancient-[...] 2019-09-04
_[808] 서적 The World's Writing Systems Oxford University
_[809] 서적 Deciphering the Indus Script https://archive.org/[...] Cambridge University Press
_[810] 저널 Kalibangan: A Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley
_[811] 저널 Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600–1900 BC): A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis
_[812] 뉴스 Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities: New study http://timesofindia.[...] 2015-04-30
_[813] 잡지 Indus re-enters India after two centuries, feeds Little Rann, Nal Sarovar http://indiatoday.in[...] 2011-11-07
_[814] 서적 Prehistory and Harappan Civilization https://books.google[...] APH Publishing
_[815] 문서 (Harvnb 참조)
_[816] 서적 History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolutions https://books.google[...] Routledge
_[817] 서적 Hinduism https://archive.org/[...] Harper
_[818] 웹인용 Decline of Bronze Age 'megacities' linked to climate change http://phys.org/news[...]
_[819] 웹사이트 Two-hundred-year drought doomed Indus Valley Civilization http://www.nature.co[...]
_[820] 저널 Indus Collapse: The End or the Beginning of an Asian Culture? 2008-06-06
_[821] 저널 Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization
_[822] 저널 U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River http://geology.gsapu[...]
_[823] 저널 Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical Constraints https://web.archive.[...] 2004-10-25
_[824] 웹인용 An Ancient Civilization, Upended by Climate Change http://green.blogs.n[...] LiveScience 2012-05-28
_[825] 뉴스 Huge Ancient Civilization's Collapse Explained http://www.livescien[...] 2012-05-29
_[826] 저널 Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia: a reconsideration 2006
_[827] 저널 Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline
_[828] 서적 Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey https://books.google[...] Cambridge University Press
_[829] 뉴스 Migration of monsoons created, then killed Harappan civilization http://www.latimes.c[...] 2012-05-28
_[830] 서적 Kiss of the Yogini University of Chicago Press
_[831] 서적 The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture
_[832] 서적 The Cambridge Illustrated History of China https://archive.org/[...] Cambridge University Press
_[833] 웹인용 Rice and Early Agriculture in China https://web.archive.[...] Mesa Community College
_[834] 웹사이트 Longshan-Era Urbanism: The Role of Cities in Predynastic China http://scholarspace.[...]
_[835] 웹인용 Peiligang Site https://web.archive.[...] Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China
_[836] 저널 The Slow Birth of Agriculture https://web.archive.[...]
_[837] 뉴스 'Earliest writing' found in China http://news.bbc.co.u[...] 2003-04-17
_[838] 저널 The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BCE at Jiahu, Henan Province, China
_[839] 서적 Worlds Together Worlds Apart https://archive.org/[...] W.W. Norton & Company
_[840] 웹인용 Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures http://www.ibiblio.o[...] ibiblio
_[841] 서적 Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases Springer
_[842] 서적 Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations https://archive.org/[...] Infobase Publishing
_[843] 웹인용 Erlitou culture | Chinese history | Britannica https://www.britanni[...] 2015-06-21
_[844] 논문 Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology
_[845] 저널 二里头：华夏王朝文明的开端
_[846] 서적 The Origins of Chinese Civilization University of California Press
_[847] 웹인용 Teaching Chinese Archaeology, Part Two — NGA http://www.nga.gov/e[...] Nga.gov 2010-01-17
_[848] 문서 Sanxingdui Museum
_[849] 웹인용 The Ziggurat of Ur http://www.mesopotam[...] 2017-11-24
_[850] 서적 Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer Harper&Row Publishers
_[851] 서적 The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character https://archive.org/[...] University of Chicago Press 1963-01-01
_[852] 논문 Kassiten (Kassû)
_[853] 웹인용 Black Obelisk, K. C. Hanson's Collection of Mesopotamian Documents http://www.kchanson.[...] K.C. Hansen 2014-11-23
_[854] 서적 Thoughts on the Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Kingship https://books.google[...] John Wiley & Sons
_[855] 웹인용 Neo-Assyrian Empire https://www.worldhis[...] 2022-02-07
_[856] 서적 A Companion to Assyria https://books.google[...] John Wiley & Sons Hoboken
_[857] 서적 Ancient Iraq
_[858] 웹인용 Nebuchadnezzar II https://www.worldhis[...] 2018-01-01
_[859] harvnb
_[860] harvnb
_[861] harvnb
_[862] harvnb
_[863] harvnb
_[864] harvnb
_[865] harvnb
_[866] harvnb
_[867] harvnb
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_[869] harvnb
_[870] harvnb
_[871] harvnb
_[872] harvnb
_[873] harvnb
_[874] harvnb
_[875] harvnb
_[876] harvard http://archive.org/d[...]
_[877] harvard
_[878] 서적 Ancient Greek civilization https://books.google[...] Wiley
_[879] 서적 Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture https://books.google[...] ABC-CLIO 2004-12-31
_[880] 서적 World and Its Peoples https://books.google[...] Marshall Cavendish 2012-12-05
_[881] harvard https://www.ncbi.nlm[...]
_[882] harvard
_[883] 서적 The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 BC https://books.google[...] Princeton University Press
_[884] 서적 Indian History Tata McGraw Hill
_[885] 저널 The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia https://www.research[...] 2017-02-11
_[886] 웹인용 How and When the Bronze Age Reached South East Asia http://www.newhistor[...] New Historian 2018-03-09
_[887] 백과사전 history of Southeast Asia https://www.britanni[...] 2017-02-11
_[888] 문서 Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia
_[889] 서적 Excavations at Gò Cầm, Quảng Nam, 2000–3: Linyi and the Emergence of the Cham Kingdoms https://www.academia[...] Academia.edu 2017-02-12
_[890] 서적 Perfect Order: Recognizing Complexity in Bali https://books.google[...] Princeton University Press
_[891] 저널 Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Cambodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads https://journals.lib[...] 2017-02-12
_[892] 웹인용 Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong http://www.anthropol[...] Anthropology.hawaii.edu 2017-02-11
_[893] 웹인용 Early Mainland Southeast Asian Landscapes in the First Millennium http://anthropology.[...] Anthropology.hawaii.edu 2017-02-12
_[894] 저널 Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement 2009-01-01
_[895] 서적 Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis https://archive.org/[...] McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge
_[896] 저널 The Austronesian Homeland and Dispersal 2019-01-14
_[897] 저널 The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages 1991
_[898] 웹인용 'Game-changing' study suggests first Polynesians voyaged all the way from East Asia https://www.science.[...] 2019-03-23
_[899] 서적 The Pacific Taylor & Francis
_[900] 서적 Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture Smithsonian Institution Press
_[901] 저널 The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia
_[902] 서적 Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World Palgrave Macmillan
_[903] 저널 Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan 2000
_[904] 뉴스 Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south https://www.taipeiti[...] 2021-12-24
_[905] 뉴스 Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar https://www.taiwanne[...] 2021-12-24
_[906] 서적 Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indonesia, and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde ArtPostAsia
_[907] 서적 Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century https://www.research[...] Yale University Press
_[908] 서적 Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts Routledge
_[909] 저널 Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar 2014-01-21
_[910] 저널 Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population 2021-04-26
_[911] 저널 East African origins for Madagascan chickens as indicated by mitochondrial DNA 2017-03-00
_[912] 저널 On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages 2009-09-01
_[913] 저널 Malagasy Phonological History and Bantu Influence 2012-06-00
_[914] 저널 Evidence of Austronesian Genetic Lineages in East Africa and South Arabia: Complex Dispersal from Madagascar and Southeast Asia https://academic.oup[...] 2024-05-23
_[915] 저널 The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea https://www.iseas.ed[...] 2024-11-06
_[916] 서적 The Maritime Silk Road https://library.oape[...] Amsterdam University Press
_[917] 저널 Contest For Seascape: Local Thalassocracies and Sino-Indian Trade Expansion in the Maritime Southeast Asia During the Early Premodern Period http://jmic.online/i[...] 2018-00-00
_[918] 웹사이트 Proyecto Arqueológico Norte Chico https://web.archive.[...] 2019-03-14
_[919] harvnb
_[920] harvnb
_[921] harvnb
_[922] harvnb
_[923] harvnb
_[924] 서적 중세는 정말 암흑기였나 살림
_[925] 서적 세계사의 탄생 황금가지
_[926] 서적 Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world 2000-04-01
_[927] 인용 The City in the Classical and Post-Classical World Cambridge University Press
_[928] 서적 중세의 가을 문학과지성사
_[929] 서적 서양 중세사 집문당
_[930] 서적 중동의 역사 까치
_[931] 서적 케임브리지 중국사 시공사
_[932] 서적 같은책
_[933] 서적 우리가 모르는 일본인 고려대학교출판부
_[934] 서적 한 권으로 읽는 인도사 지경사
_[935] harvnb https://books.google[...]
_[936] multiref https://books.google[...]
_[937] harvnb
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_[939] harvnb
_[940] 저널 Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way: HYDE 3.1 2010-03-22
_[941] 서적 Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind Harvill Secker
_[942] 백과사전 Maritime Buddhism https://oxfordre.com[...] Oxford University Press 2021-05-30
_[943] 문서
_[944] 문서
_[945] 문서
_[946] 서적 The Grandeur of Gandhara. The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys
_[947] 서적 The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540 https://www.cambridg[...] Cambridge University Press 2024-09-21
_[948] 저널 1984
_[949] 서적 Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind Penguin Random House
_[950] 서적 Religions in Global Society
_[951] 서적 An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects
_[952] 서적 Christianity and Western Civilization Stanford University Press
_[953] 서적 Dialogue Among Civilizations: Some Exemplary Voices
_[954] 저널 1984
_[955] 저널 1984
_[956] 서적 Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century University of South Carolina Press
_[957] 서적 Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles https://openlibrary.[...] Presses universitaires de Rennes 2014-06-17
_[958] 서적 The Universities and Scholasticism Cambridge University Press
_[959] 서적 Foreword. The University as a European Institution Cambridge University Press
_[960] 서적 The Universities of Europe, 1100–1914
_[961] 저널 1984
_[962] 저널 1984
_[963] 저널 1984
_[964] 서적 Parole de l'Orient Université Saint-Esprit
_[965] 저널 1984
_[966] 서적 The Oxford History of the Crusades
_[967] 웹사이트 The Great Schism: The Estrangement of Eastern and Western Christendom https://web.archive.[...] Orthodox Information Centre 2007-05-26
_[968] 서적 Saints and Sinners
_[969] 서적 Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early 'Abbāsid Society (2nd-4th/8th-10th Centuries) https://archive.org/[...] Routledge 2022-02
_[970] 서적 Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics https://books.google[...] Taylor & Francis 2012-08-26
_[971] 웹사이트 Environment and Trade: The Viking Age https://www.khanacad[...] Khan Academy
_[972] 저널 Paths and timings of the peopling of Polynesia inferred from genomic networks 2021-09-22
_[973] 서적 The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith Serindia Publications, Inc.
_[974] 서적 Histoire des Mongols et des Tatares
_[975] 서적 아틀라스 중앙유라시아사 2016
_[976] 저널 Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture 1980
_[977] 서적 Global Medieval Contexts 500–1500 http://dx.doi.org/10[...] 2021-05-19
_[978] 백과사전 Justinian's Plague (541–542 CE) https://www.worldhis[...] 2018-06-10
_[979] 뉴스 14세기 유럽 휩쓴 흑사병, 중앙亞 키르기스스탄의 실크로드에서 시작됐다 https://n.news.naver[...] 조선일보 2022-06-23
_[980] 저널 Was the Black Death in India and China? https://academicwork[...] 2011
_[981] 저널 Yersinia pestis strains of ancient phylogenetic branch 0.ANT are widely spread in the high-mountain plague foci of Kyrgyzstan 2017-10-26
_[982] 서적 2016
_[983] 저널 Death by the Lake: Mortality Crisis in Early Fourteenth-Century Central Asia 2019
_[984] 서적 2016
_[985] 서적 The Black Death in Egypt and England University of Texas Press 2005
_[986] 서적 2016
_[987] 서적 2016
_[988] 웹사이트 Outline – Post-Classical Science – History of Science Study Guide – Dr Robert A. Hatch http://users.clas.uf[...] 2018-07-01
_[989] 서적 A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine
_[990] 서적 History of Western Philosophy 1945
_[991] 서적 Renaissance of Sciences in Islamic Countries World Scientific 1994
_[992] 서적 A History of Graphic Design John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998
_[993] 웹사이트 History of paper http://users.stlcc.e[...] 2018-09-07
_[994] 서적 War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500 McGraw-Hill 2008
_[995] 서적 Firearms: A Global History to 1700 https://archive.org/[...] Cambridge University Press 2003
_[996] 웹사이트 Trade and the Spread of Islam in Africa http://www.metmuseum[...] The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2013-06-15
_[997] 웹사이트 History of Sub-Saharan Africa http://www.essential[...] 2018-06-09
_[998] 웹사이트 The Spread of Islam in Ancient Africa https://www.worldhis[...] 2024-01-07
_[999] 저널 Lion of Mali: The Hajj of Mansa Musa https://www.academia[...] 2018-06-19
_[1000] 서적 World of Late Antiquity
_[1001] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1002] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1003] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1004] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1005] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1006] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1007] 서적 Dictionary of Medieval Terms
_[1008] 서적 Europe's Barbarians
_[1009] 서적 Europe's Barbarians
_[1010] 서적 Europe's Barbarians
_[1011] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1012] 서적 Europe
_[1013] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1014] 서적 History of the Medieval World
_[1015] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1016] 서적 History of the Medieval World
_[1017] 서적 Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe
_[1018] 서적 Europe's Barbarians
_[1019] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1020] 서적 World of Late Antiquity
_[1021] 서적 World of Late Antiquity
_[1022] 서적 Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe
_[1023] 서적 Dictionary of Medieval Terms
_[1024] 서적 Before France and Germany
_[1025] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1026] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1027] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1028] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1029] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1030] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1031] 서적 Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe
_[1032] 서적 Life in a Medieval City
_[1033] 서적 Middle Ages
_[1034] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1035] 서적 Europe Between the Oceans
_[1036] 서적 Middle Ages
_[1037] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1038] 서적 Europe
_[1039] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1040] 서적 Medieval Foundations
_[1041] 서적 Medieval Monasticism
_[1042] 서적 Medieval Monasticism
_[1043] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1044] 서적 Religion in the Medieval West
_[1045] 서적 Medieval Foundations
_[1046] 서적 History of the Medieval World
_[1047] 서적 History of the Medieval World
_[1048] 서적 History of the Medieval World
_[1049] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1050] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1051] 서적 History of the Medieval World
_[1052] 서적 Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe
_[1053] 서적 Europe
_[1054] 서적 Early Medieval Architecture
_[1055] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1056] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1057] 서적 Europe
_[1058] 서적 Europe
_[1059] 서적 Medieval Foundations
_[1060] 서적 Middle Ages
_[1061] 서적 Europe
_[1062] 서적 History of the Medieval World
_[1063] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1064] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1065] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1066] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1067] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1068] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1069] 서적 Europe
_[1070] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1071] 서적 History of the Medieval World
_[1072] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1073] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1074] 서적 Europe
_[1075] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1076] 서적 Europe
_[1077] 서적 Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe
_[1078] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1079] 서적 Early Medieval Europe
_[1080] 서적 Inheritance of Rome
_[1081] 서적 Europe
_[1082] 서적 Europe
_[1083] 서적 Concise History of Bulgaria
_[1084] 서적 Southeastern Europe
_[1085] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1086] 서적 Two Cities
_[1087] 서적 Europe
_[1088] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1089] 서적 Two Cities
_[1090] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1091] 서적 Europe in the High Middle Ages
_[1092] 서적 Europe in the High Middle Ages
_[1093] 서적 Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe
_[1094] 서적 Europe
_[1095] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1096] 서적 Europe in the High Middle Ages
_[1097] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1098] 서적 Europe
_[1099] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1100] 서적 Feudal Kingdom
_[1101] 서적 Middle Ages
_[1102] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1103] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1104] 서적 Europe
_[1105] 서적 Capetian France
_[1106] 서적 Europe
_[1107] 서적 Two Cities
_[1108] 서적 Two Cities
_[1109] 서적 Two Cities
_[1110] 서적 Medieval Fortress
_[1111] 서적 Europe
_[1112] 서적 Europe
_[1113] 서적 Routledge Companion to the Crusades
_[1114] 서적 Middle Ages
_[1115] 서적 Dream and the Tomb
_[1116] 서적 Routledge Companion to the Crusades
_[1117] 서적 Routledge Companion to the Crusades
_[1118] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1119] 서적 Routledge Companion to the Crusades
_[1120] 서적 Routledge Companion to the Crusades
_[1121] 서적 Routledge Companion to the Crusades
_[1122] 서적 Middle Ages
_[1123] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1124] 서적 Economic and Social History
_[1125] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1126] 서적 Middle Ages
_[1127] 서적 Economic and Social History
_[1128] 서적 Daily Life
_[1129] 서적 Worlds of Medieval Europe
_[1130] 서적 Europe
_[1131] 서적 Making of Polities
_[1132] 서적 Making of Polities
_[1133] 서적 Making of Polities
_[1134] 서적 Making of Polities
_[1135] 서적 Making of Polities
_[1136] 서적 Middle Ages
_[1137] 서적 Edward
_[1138] 서적 Europe
_[1139] 서적 Making of Polities
_[1140] 서적 Making of Polities
_[1141] 서적 Europe
_[1142] 서적 Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom
_[1143] 서적 Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom
_[1144] 서적 Making of Polities
_[1145] 서적 Making of Polities
_[1146] 서적 Making of Polities
_[1147] 서적 Making of Polities
_[1148] 서적 Making of Polities
_[1149] 서적 Europe
_[1150] 서적 Europe
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_[1156] 서적 The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature https://books.google[...] A. and C. Black
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_[1159] 서적 식민지 근대의 패러독스 휴머니스트
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_[1161] 웹인용 How does colonialism shape the world we live in? https://www.aljazeer[...] 2024-08-01
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_[1183] 웹사이트 유엔의 역사 http://www.un.org/ab[...]
_[1184] 서적 Growth and Empowerment: Making Development Happen https://archive.org/[...] MIT Press 2006
_[1185] 서적 Europe recast: a history of European Union Palgrave Macmillan 2004
_[1186] 서적 The institutions of the European Union https://archive.org/[...] Oxford University Press 2012
_[1187] 서적 The European dream: how Europe's vision of the future is quietly eclipsing the American dream Jeremy P. Tarcher 2004
_[1188] 서적 Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety Penguin Press
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